User:JPLeRouzic/Icelandic stream/Page1

Icelandic Íslenska
 * Íslenska English


 * Pronunciation Framburður 	[ˈislɛnska] [Islɛnska]
 * Spoken in
 * Talað er á 	Iceland ,


 * Language family Sæti
 * Indo-European Indó-evrópsk


 * Its closest relative is Faroese . ættingi hans nánustu er færeyska.
 * relative
 * his
 * near
 * is
 * Faroese


 * Icelandic is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic or Nordic branch of the Germanic languages.
 * Íslenska er Indó-evrópsk tungumál sem tilheyra Norður-germönskum eða Nordic útibú germönskum tungumálum.
 * Icelandic
 * is
 * Indo-European
 * language
 * as
 * belong
 * North Germanic
 * or
 * Nordic
 * branches
 * Germanic
 * Languages


 * It is the closest living relative of Faroese ; these two languages, along with Norwegian, used to comprise West Nordic , while Danish and Swedish made up East Nordic.
 * Það er næsta líf ættingi færeysku ; þessum tveimur tungumálum, ásamt Noregi, notaður til að geyma Vestnorræna, en danska og sænska liðinu upp East Nordic.
 * It
 * is
 * next
 * life
 * relative
 * Faroese
 * this
 * two
 * Languages
 * and
 * Norway
 * used
 * to
 * to
 * store
 * West Nordic
 * but
 * Danish
 * and
 * Swedish
 * made
 * up
 * East
 * Nordic
 * East
 * Nordic


 * Today, the Nordic languages are divided into Insular Nordic and mainland Scandinavian languages, Norwegian being grouped with Danish and Swedish because of mutual intelligibility and the fact that Norwegian has been heavily influenced by East Scandinavian (particularly Danish) during the last millennium and has diverged considerably from both Faroese and Icelandic.
 * Í dag, norrænum tungumálum eru skipt í Einangrað Norðurlöndum og meginlandi Skandinavíu tungumálum, norsku verið flokkaðar með danska og sænska vegna gagnkvæma intelligibility og þeirri staðreynd að norska hefur verið undir miklum áhrifum frá Austurlöndum Scandinavian (sérstaklega danska) síðustu árþúsund og hefur diverged töluvert bæði frá færeysku og íslensku.
 * In
 * Today
 * Nordic
 * Languages
 * are
 * divided
 * in
 * Isolated
 * Scandinavian
 * and
 * Continental
 * Scandinavia
 * Languages
 * Norwegian
 * been
 * classified
 * with
 * Danish
 * and
 * Swedish
 * due
 * mutual
 * intelligibility
 * and
 * the
 * fact
 * to
 * Norwegian
 * has
 * been
 * under
 * high
 * effects
 * from
 * East
 * Scandinavian
 * (Especially
 * Danish)
 * last
 * millennium
 * and
 * has
 * diverged
 * considerably
 * both
 * from
 * Faroese
 * and
 * Icelandic.


 * While most West European languages have greatly reduced levels of inflection, particularly in regards to noun declension , Icelandic retains an inflectional grammar comparable to that of Latin (a member of the group of Italic languages , which shares the Indo-European roots of Germanic) or, more closely, Old Norse and Old English.
 * Þó að flest Vestur-Evrópu tungumál hafa mjög dregið úr magni beyging, sérstaklega í sambandi við nafnorð beyging , íslensku heldur að inflectional málfræði sambærilegt við að Latin (a félagi af the hópur Skáletraður tungumálum , sem skráð er Indó-evrópsk rætur germönskum) eða , nánar Old Norse og Old ensku.
 * Although
 * to
 * most
 * Western Europe
 * language
 * have
 * very
 * drawn
 * from
 * quantity
 * morphological


 * especially
 * in
 * Contact
 * with
 * noun
 * morphological


 * Icelandic
 * but
 * to
 * inflectional
 * grammar
 * comparable
 * with
 * to
 * Latin
 * (A
 * companies
 * of
 * the
 * group
 * EF
 * Languages


 * as
 * recorded
 * is
 * Indo-European
 * roots
 * Germanic)
 * or


 * more
 * Old
 * Norse
 * and
 * Old
 * English


 * The main difference between the inflectional systems of Icelandic and Latin lies in the treatment of the verb.
 * The aðalæð mismunur milli inflectional kerfi í íslensku og latínu liggur í meðferð sögn.
 * The
 * main
 * difference
 * between
 * inflectional
 * system
 * in
 * Icelandic
 * and
 * Latin
 * lies
 * in
 * treatment
 * verb


 * Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and other word classes are handled in a similar way.
 * Nafnorð, lýsingarorð, fornöfn og öðrum flokkum orð eru meðhöndlaðar á svipaðan hátt.
 * Noun
 * adjectives
 * pronouns
 * and
 * other
 * categories
 * words
 * are
 * treated
 * on
 * similar
 * high


 * In particular it may be mentioned that Icelandic possesses quite a few instances of oblique cases without any governing word, much like Latin (eg, many of the various Latin ablatives have a corresponding Icelandic dative ).
 * Einkum má nefna að íslensk býr yfir alveg nokkur dæmi af hornrétt tilvikum án þess að allir um orð, eins Latin (td margir af hinum ýmsu Latin ablatives hafa samsvarandi íslensku þágufall nafnorða ).
 * In particular,
 * may
 * mention
 * to
 * Icelandic
 * lives
 * over
 * quite
 * some
 * examples
 * of
 * perpendicular
 * cases
 * without
 * its
 * to
 * all
 * of
 * words
 * as
 * Latin
 * (Eg
 * many
 * of
 * the
 * various
 * Latin
 * ablatives
 * have
 * corresponding
 * Icelandic
 * dative
 * name words


 * The oldest preserved texts in Icelandic were written around 1100.
 * Elstu varðveittar texta á íslensku var ritað um 1100.
 * Oldest
 * preserved
 * text
 * on
 * Icelandic
 * was
 * written
 * of
 * 1100


 * Many of them are actually based on material like poetry and laws, preserved orally for generations before being written down.
 * Margir þeirra eru í raun byggð á efni eins og ljóð og lög sem varðveist munnlega kynslóðum áður verið rituð.
 * Many
 * their
 * are
 * in
 * actually
 * based
 * on
 * content
 * as
 * and
 * poetry
 * and
 * Law
 * as
 * preserved
 * verbally
 * generations
 * before
 * been
 * written


 * The most famous of these, which were written in Iceland from the 12th century onward, are without doubt the Icelandic Sagas, the historical writings of Snorri Sturluson and eddaic poems.
 * Það sem er mest frægur af þessu, sem voru skrifaðar á Íslandi frá 12. öld áfram, eru án efa Íslendingasögunum, sögulegt rit Snorra Sturlusonar og eddaic ljóð.
 * It
 * as
 * is
 * most
 * famous
 * of
 * this
 * as
 * were
 * written
 * on
 * Iceland
 * from
 * 12
 * century
 * more
 * are
 * without
 * doubt
 * Icelandic sagas


 * The language of the era of the sagas is called Old Icelandic, a western dialect of Old Norse, the common Scandinavian language of the Viking era.
 * Tungumál tímabil í sögum heitir Old íslensku, vestrænn mállýskum á Old Norse, the sameiginlegur Scandinavian tungumál víkingaöld.
 * Language
 * period
 * in
 * stories
 * called
 * Old
 * Icelandic
 * Western
 * dialect
 * on
 * Old
 * Norse


 * The Danish rule of Iceland from 1380 to 1918 had little effect on the evolution of Icelandic, which remained in daily use among the general population except for a period between about 1700 and 1900 where the use of Danish by common Icelanders became popular.
 * The Danish regla á Íslandi 1380-1918 hafði lítil áhrif á þróun íslensku, sem ekki væru í dagsins önn meðal almennings nema í tíma á milli um 1700 og 1900 þar sem notkun í Danmörku gegnum sameiginlegan Íslendinga varð vinsæl.


 * Though Icelandic is considered more archaic than other living Germanic languages, important changes have occurred.
 * Þó íslensku er talið meira archaic en aðrar lifandi tungumál germönskum hafa mikilvægar breytingar áttu sér stað.
 * Although
 * Icelandic
 * is
 * thought
 * more
 * archaic
 * but
 * other
 * live
 * language
 * Germanic
 * have
 * important
 * changes
 * had
 * a
 * place


 * The pronunciation, for instance, changed considerably from the 12th to the 16th century, especially of vowels (in particular, á, æ , au , and y/ý ).
 * The framburð, til dæmis breytt töluvert frá 12. til 16. öld, einkum sérhljóða (einkum, a, æ, au, y / y).
 * The
 * pronunciation
 * to
 * example
 * modified
 * considerably
 * from
 * 12
 * to
 * 16
 * century
 * especially
 * vowels
 * (Especially
 * a
 * le
 * au
 * y
 * y).
 * y).


 * The modern Icelandic alphabet has developed from a standard established in the 19th century, by the Danish linguist Rasmus Rask primarily.
 * Nútíma Íslenska stafrófið hefur þróast frá stöðluðu stofnuð á 19. öld, með því að danska linguist Rasmus Rask fyrst og fremst.
 * Modern
 * Icelandic
 * alphabet
 * has
 * evolve
 * from
 * standard
 * formed
 * on
 * 19
 * century
 * with
 * the
 * to
 * Danish
 * linguist
 * Rasmus
 * Rask
 * first
 * and
 * foremost


 * It is ultimately based heavily on an orthographic standard created in the early 12th century by a mysterious document referred to as The First Grammatical Treatise by an anonymous author who has later been referred to as the First Grammarian.
 * Það er endanlega byggist að miklu leyti á að Hornrétt staðall til í upphafi 12. aldar með dularfulla skjal kallað Fyrsta málfræðiritgerðin með nafnlaus höfundur sem hefur síðar verið kallaður fyrsta málfræðingur.
 * It
 * is
 * final
 * based
 * to
 * much
 * extent
 * on
 * to
 * Perpendicular
 * standard
 * to
 * in
 * beginning
 * 12
 * century
 * with
 * mysterious
 * document
 * called
 * First
 * Grammatical Treatise
 * with
 * anonymous
 * author
 * as
 * has
 * later
 * been
 * called
 * first
 * grammarian


 * The later Rasmus Rask standard was basically a re-creation of the old treatise, with some changes to fit concurrent Germanic conventions, such as the exclusive use of k rather than c.
 * Seinni Rasmus Rask staðall var í grundvallaratriðum a með tilvísun til-sköpun af gamla ritgerð, með nokkrum breytingum til að passa samverkandi germönskum samninga, svo sem eingöngu nota k fremur en c.
 * Second
 * Rasmus
 * Rask
 * standard
 * was
 * in
 * Basically
 * a
 * with
 * Reference
 * to-creation
 * of
 * old
 * essay
 * with
 * some
 * changes
 * to
 * to
 * match
 * concurrent
 * Germanic
 * contracts
 * so
 * as
 * only
 * use
 * k
 * rather
 * but
 * c


 * Various old features, like ð, had actually not seen much use in the later centuries, so Rask's standard constituted a major change in practice.
 * Ýmsir gamall lögun, eins og d, hafði í raun ekki séð mikið notað á síðari öldum, þannig að venjulegu Rask stofnaður mikil breyting í starfi.
 * Various
 * old
 * features
 * as
 * and
 * d
 * had
 * in
 * actually
 * not
 * seen
 * much
 * used
 * on
 * Second
 * centuries
 * so
 * to
 * normal
 * Rask
 * established
 * high
 * change
 * in
 * work


 * Later 20th century changes are most notably the adoption of é, which had previously been written as je (reflecting the modern pronunciation), and the abolition of z in 1973.
 * Seinna 20 breytingar aldarinnar eru ekki síst samþykkt É, sem hafði áður verið skrifað um je (endurspegla nútíma framburður), og afnám z árið 1973.
 * Later
 * 20
 * changes
 * century
 * are
 * not
 * least
 * approved
 * É
 * as
 * had
 * before
 * been
 * write
 * of
 * je
 * (Reflect
 * modern
 * pronunciation)
 * and
 * abolition
 * z
 * in
 * 1973.


 * Written Icelandic has, thus, changed relatively little since the 13th century.
 * Skrifað íslensku hefur þannig breyst tiltölulega lítið frá 13. öld.
 * Write
 * Icelandic
 * has
 * so
 * change
 * relatively
 * little
 * from
 * 13
 * century


 * As a result of this, and of the similarity between the modern and ancient grammar, modern speakers can still understand, more or less, the original sagas and Eddas that were written some eight hundred years ago.
 * Sem afleiðing af þessu, og um líkt á milli nútímans og fornum málfræði nútíma ræðumaður geta enn skilið, meira eða minna, upprunalegu sögur og Eddas sem voru skrifuð nokkur átta hundruð ár síðan.
 * As
 * results
 * of
 * this
 * and
 * of
 * as
 * on
 * between
 * Today
 * and
 * ancient
 * grammar
 * modern
 * speaker
 * can
 * still
 * understand
 * more
 * or
 * less
 * original
 * stories
 * and
 * Edda
 * as
 * were
 * Write
 * some
 * eight
 * hundred
 * years
 * since


 * This ability is sometimes mildly overstated by Icelanders themselves, most of whom actually read the Sagas with updated modern spelling and footnotes—though otherwise intact (much as with modern English readers of Shakespeare).
 * Þessi hæfileiki er stundum mildilega gera of mikið úr því Íslendingar sjálfir, flestir reyndar lesa sagna með endurnýja nútíma stafsetningu og neðanmálsgrein-þó að öðru leyti óbreytt (mikið eins og með nútíma enska lesendur Shakespeare).
 * This
 * capability
 * is
 * sometimes
 * mildly
 * do
 * of
 * much
 * from
 * the
 * Icelanders
 * themselves
 * most
 * Indeed
 * read
 * stories
 * with
 * update
 * modern
 * spelling
 * and
 * footnote, however,
 * to
 * other
 * extent
 * unchanged
 * (High
 * as
 * and
 * with
 * modern
 * English
 * Readers
 * Shakespeare)


 * The language has both monophthongs and diphthongs, and consonants can be voiced or unvoiced.
 * Tungumálið inniheldur bæði monophthongs og diphthongs og samhljóða má voiced eða unvoiced.
 * Language
 * contains
 * both
 * monophthongs
 * and
 * diphthongs
 * and
 * unanimously
 * may
 * voiced
 * or
 * unvoiced


 * Voice plays a big role in the pronunciation of many consonants.
 * Rödd spila stórt hlutverk í framburði margra samhljóða.
 * Voice
 * play
 * large
 * role
 * in
 * testimony
 * many
 * unanimously


 * For most Icelandic consonants, there are voiced and unvoiced counterparts.
 * Fyrir flesta íslenska samhljóða, eru voiced og unvoiced hliðstæða.
 * For
 * most
 * Icelandic
 * unanimously
 * are
 * voiced
 * and
 * unvoiced
 * parallel


 * However, b, d , and g are never aspirated in Icelandic.
 * Hins vegar, b, d, og g er aldrei aspirated á íslensku.
 * On the other
 * hand
 * b
 * d
 * and
 * g
 * is
 * never
 * aspirated
 * on
 * Icelandic


 * These letters differ from p, t and k because p , t and k become aspirated when they are the first letter of a word; b , d and g do not.
 * Þessir stafir eru mismunandi frá p, T og K þar sem P, T og K að verða aspirated þegar þeir eru að hafa fyrsta staf í orði, b, d og g ekki.
 * These
 * characters
 * are
 * different
 * from
 * p
 * T
 * and
 * K
 * where
 * as
 * P
 * T
 * and
 * K
 * to
 * must
 * aspirated
 * when
 * they
 * are
 * to
 * have
 * first
 * letter
 * in
 * word
 * b
 * d
 * and
 * g
 * not


 * Icelandic retains many grammatical features of other ancient Germanic languages, and resembles Old Norwegian before much of its fusional inflection was lost.
 * Íslensk halda margir málfræði lögun annarra forn tungumál germönskum og líkist Old Norwegian áður mikið af þess fusional beyging var glataður.
 * Icelandic
 * keep
 * many
 * grammar
 * features
 * other
 * ancient
 * language
 * Germanic
 * and
 * resembling
 * Old
 * Norwegian
 * before
 * much
 * of
 * its
 * fusional
 * morphological
 * was
 * lost


 * Modern Icelandic is still a heavily inflected language with four cases : nominative, accusative , dative and genitive.
 * Nútíma Íslensk er enn þungt inflected tungumál með fjórum tilvikum : nefnifalli, þolfall , þágufall nafnorða og Eignarfall.
 * Modern
 * Icelandic
 * is
 * still
 * heavy
 * inflected
 * language
 * with
 * four
 * cases
 * dates
 * accusative
 * dative
 * name words
 * and
 * Minori
 * Minori


 * Icelandic nouns can have one of three grammatical genders —masculine, feminine or neuter.
 * Íslenska haft einn af þremur málfræði kynja -karlkyn, kvenkyni eða hvorugkyn.
 * Icelandic
 * be
 * one
 * of
 * three
 * grammar
 * Gender
 * -Male
 * feminine
 * or
 * neuter


 * There are two main declension paradigms for each gender: strong and weak nouns, which are furthermore divided in sub-classes of nouns, based primarily on the genitive singular and nominative plural ending of a particular noun.
 * Það eru tveir helstu málin beyging hvers kyns: sterk og veik nafnorð, sem eru ennfremur skipt í staðinn fyrir einhvern-flokka nafnorð, byggt aðallega á Eignarfall eintölu og nefnifalli fleirtölu endar á tilteknu nafnorð.
 * It
 * are
 * two
 * main
 * issues
 * morphological
 * each
 * gender:
 * strong
 * and
 * sick
 * noun


 * as
 * are
 * also
 * divided
 * in
 * instead
 * for
 * sub-categories
 * noun
 * based
 * mainly
 * on
 * Minori
 * singular
 * and
 * dates
 * plural
 * ends
 * on
 * given
 * noun


 * For example, within the masculine nouns that have a strong declension, there is a sub-class (class 1) that declines with an -s (Hests) in the genitive singular and -ar (Hestar) in the nominative plural.
 * Til dæmis innan karlkyns nafnorð sem hafa sterk beyging er undir-flokki (flokkur 1) að hafnar með-s (Hests) í Eignarfall eintölu og-ar (Hestar) í nefnifalli fleirtölu.
 * To
 * example
 * within
 * Male
 * noun
 * as
 * have
 * strong
 * morphological
 * is
 * sub-category
 * (Category
 * 1)
 * to
 * port
 * with-s
 * (Horse)
 * in
 * Minori
 * singular
 * and ar-
 * (Horses)
 * in
 * dates
 * plural