User:Jenny O/Further Reading

Based on further reading this page relates to or expands on some of the issues raised in my e-portfolio.

Students as research participants
These results generally support the claim that there is an overreliance on students as participants in social psychology research. More recent data could not be found. Bodner's study has quite a small sample size.

In a sample of psychological research studies (N = 169) from 1999, Bodner (2006) found a 25:75 student to non-student participant ratio. However, in the sub-set of social psychology studies (n = 32) this ratio was 50:50.

Winter, North and Sugar (2001) also examined the use of students as research participants. Their sample of psychological studies (N = 1719) was taken at three ten year intervals: 1975, 1985 and 1995, across a number of psychology journals. Overall, 68.31% of these studies used undergraduate student participants exclusively. When considered by year and sub-discipline, studies in the Journal of Experimental Psychology had the highest student participant rate at 95.8% in 1995. The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology had fairly consistent rates over three decades: 70.1% (1975), 65.6% (1985), and 70.6% (1995).

References

Bodner, T.E. (2006). Designs, participants, and measurement methods in psychological research. Canadian Psychology, 47 (4), 263-272.

Wintre, M. G., North, C., & Sugar, L.A. (2001). Psychologists’ response to criticisms about research based on undergraduate participants: A
 * developmental perspective. Canadian Psychology, 42 (3), 216-225.

What is culture?
"There are no shortage of ways in which culture can be conceptualised" (Singelis, 2000)

Culture is the man-made part of the environment (Herskovits, 1955)

Culture is “the set of artifacts and mentifacts (ie ideas, beliefs, conventions) more common among its members than among outsiders” (Poortinga & van Hemert, 2001, p.1034)

Groups
Fiske, S. T. (2004). Small groups: Ongoing interactions. In S. T. Fiske (2004). Social beings: A core motives approach to social psychology. (Ch 12, pp.459 - 506). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.