User:Kaihsu/EnvC6

C6: Protection of the ozone layer

1985 Vienna Ozone Convention
This is a framework convention for “appropriate measures” (art. 2: e.g. observation, research, information exchange; cooperation – to formulate and adopt measures, with international bodies) precautionarily protecting ozone layer (defined in art. 1; preamble) against adverse effects on health and environment (art. 2), but without targets. Along with Montreal Protocol, it achieved universal ratification (197 parties) in 2009.

1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
In force 1989. Parties are obliged: to freeze/reduce/eliminate calculated (net) consumption/production of depleters: art. 3, annexes A to F lists the controlled substances (incl. depleting and global warming potential). Trading regulated: arts. 4, 4A.

Facilitation and flexibility: e.g. EU bubble, transfer production/consumption quotas: arts. 2, 5. Developing countries (art. 5) have quota per capita, grace period, longer time to adjust. Incentives (e.g. Multilateral Fund art. 10) and restrictions (e.g. trade ban art. 4) exist to encourage non-parties especially developing countries to join and developed countries to help (e.g. technology transfer).

MOP can mostly decide by 2/3 majority voting, except e.g. to add new substances. Noncompliance can lead to e.g. loss of Global Environment Facility, World Bank funding. Licensing of import/export combats black market (1997 amendment). Secretariat is kept by UNEP.

Amended to e.g. add substances, change phase-out timetable: London 1990 (linking developing countries’ fulfilment of obligations with the provision of funds and technology: arts. 5, 10; compliance reporting arts. 7, 8); Copenhagen 1992; Montreal 1997; Beijing 1999; MOP 28 Kigali 2016 (new art. 2J, Annex F to phase down non-depleting hydrofluorocarbons to reduce warming by 0.5 °C; in force 2019-01-01).