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Proper Names
Proper names are very specific area in literature and translation studies. According to The Oxford Concise English Dictionary a proper name is a name for an individual person, place, or organization having an initial capital letter[1]. A proper name refers to an extralinguistic and specific object which is differentiated from other objects that belong to the same kind by means of its name. It cannot be confused with a common name which is not directory and its function is to identify an object. In other words, it is a name by which a particular object is commonly known. However, some scholars do not distinguish between proper and common names based on the conviction that proper names are meaningless and are prone to evolve into common names once they absorb some properties of their bearers in virtue of their association[2]. A point in case is Adidas which drifted into a common name after losing its character.

Classification
Hejwowski distinguishes the following groups of proper names:

Each of the aforementioned categories defines a specific group of proper names. The group of anthroponyms includes: names, surnames, nicknames, names of families and clans, as well as names of teams and groups of people. In English, anthroponyms consist of nouns as well as articles and pronouns. The group of toponyms includes proper names that define the elements that make up the landscape of a given place. Zoononyms are proper names given to animals, and phytonyms, are names given to plants.
 * anthroponyms,
 * toponyms,
 * zoononyms,
 * phytonyms,

Translation of Proper Names in LOTR
[1] Oxford Concise - (2001, p.1146), Pearsall, J. ed., 2001. The Concise English Dictionary, 10th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[2] Zabeeh (1968:63) Zabeeh, F. 1968. What is in a name?: An inquiry into the semantics and pragmatics of proper names. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.