User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Hourly 1

Principles of radiation astronomy is a course of forty-eight lectures, sixteen mini-lectures for quiz sections, three hourly quizzes that are timed at an hour, a mid-term that covers the first half of the course, and a final which covers everything in the course. This is the first of three hourlies. It covers the first sixteen lectures, the first five mini-lectures, problem sets, lessons, and laboratories.

You are free to take this quiz based on these at any time.

To improve your score, read and study the lectures and the rest, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links and in the template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.

As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.

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To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.

Enjoy learning by doing!

Quiz
{What is a pfu? - a measure of neutron half-life suggested by Enrico Fermi + a particle flux + a unit per steradian (sr) - the number of bubbles generated in a hydrogen bubble chamber used to detect neutrinos - Niels Bohr was opposed to the pfu interpretation of beta decay - a measure of the scatter energy of a neutrino hitting a proton
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{Which of the following are units of distance? + meter - acre + chain - acorn - tympan - гектар + reach
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{What may be the first astronomical source of the rocky objects in the solar system? + Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background + Saturn - Mount Redoubt in Alaska + the asteroid belt + the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun + the Oort cloud + the Kuiper belt
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{Yes or No, The spin carried by quarks is sufficient to account for the total spin of protons. - Yes + No
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{Spin-charge separation has which characteristics? + a chargon + a spinon + taking place inside solids + extremely tight confinement - neutron affinity - X-ray absorption
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{Which of the following are characteristic of interstellar extinction? + redder color indices - closer stars more affected + color excess + observed color index minus intrinsic color index - red shift - blue shift
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{ What is the blue-radiation source in the image at right? { Earth (i) }
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{What are some of the characteristics of Jovian electrons? + hard spectrum + Jovian electrons near Earth are on their way to the Sun + an energy power law + flux increases with 27 day periodicities - at 1 AU, flux decreases exhibit a short-term modulation of 13 minutes - come in mutable varieties
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{True or False, A theory may not be right but it should be testable. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Complete the text: Match up the star with the constellation: Capella - A Sirius - B Deneb - C Anser - D Altair - E Vega - F Vulpecula { D (i) }. Canis Major { B (i) }. Lyra { F (i) }. Cygnus { C (i) }. Aquila { E (i) } Auriga { A (i) }.
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{True or False, Although no tubular telescope has been found at ancient archaeological sites, ancient observers may have used air telescopes. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the first astronomical source possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Gamma rays - G Superluminals - H cosmic rays { C|D (i) } galactic nuclei { H (i) }. comets { A (i) }. electron-positron annihilation { G (i) }. weak force nuclear decay { F (i) }. AGNs { B (i) }. 511 keV photon pair production { E (i) }. solar wind { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Earth? - a core which emits neutrinos - a charged particle wind which emanates out the polar ionosphere holes + gravity + near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system + the swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are most likely sediment in the water - coronal clouds + chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: The zenith orientation faces { away (i) } from Earth into space, while the nadir orientation faces straight { down (i) } to Earth.
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{Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? + ultraviolet emission + X-ray emission + gamma-ray emission + neutron emission + 7Be emission + meteor emission
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{Submillimeter radiances can be matched by models which include ice particles of? { ammonia|NH3|NH3 (i) }
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{Complete the text: Match up the radiation type with the satellite: meteor - A cosmic ray - B neutral atoms - C neutron - D proton - E electron - F positron - G neutrino - H gamma ray - I X-ray - J ultraviolet - K optical - L visual - M violet - N blue - O cyan - P green - Q yellow - R orange - S red - T infrared - U submillimeter - V microwave - W radio - X radar - Y superluminal - Z { M (i) }. { X (i) }. { J (i) }. { Z (i) }. { N (i) }. { I (i) }. { Y (i) }. { H (i) }. { C (i) }. { P (i) }. { E (i) }. { W (i) }. { O (i) }. { A (i) }. { Q (i) }. { G (i) }. { K (i) }. { V (i) }. { D (i) }. { U (i) }. { R (i) }. { F (i) } { S (i) }. { B (i) }. { T (i) }. { L (i) }.
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{Which of the following are determined by the CRS aboard Voyager 1? + origin + acceleration process - neutrinos + life history + dynamic contribution + nucleosynthesis + behavior in the interplanetary medium - X-rays - ultraviolets - visuals - trapped particle environment + a steady rise in May 2012 of collisions with high energy particles above 70 MeV + a dramatic drop in collisions in late August
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{An astronomical event occurred during the Cambrian, what does that mean? - students in the India must use Greenwich mean time + about 5 x 108 years ago - a high-powered robotic telescope was lost on the shuttle Cambrian - a student in Xinjiang has an abacus configured to the geologic time scale - on-site use of two high-powered telescopes is available - trilobites tried to communicate with Earth
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{Which of the following may be characteristic of magnetohydrodynamics? + driven by current gradients - neutral atoms + closed tube loops + twisted flux + open field lines + synchrotron radiation
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the detectors or satellites below: Bonner Ball Neutron Detector - A Multi Mirror Telescope - B MAGIC telescope - C Explorer 11 - D HEAO 3 - E Helios - F Pioneer 10 - G Voyager 1 - H { C (i) } { H (i) }. { A (i) }. { G (i) }. { F (i) }. { B (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the radiation letter with each of the detector possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Neutrinos - G Muons - H Gamma rays - I X-rays - J Ultraviolet rays - K Optical rays - L Visual rays - M Violet rays - N Blue rays - O Cyan rays - P Green rays - Q Yellow rays - R Orange rays - S Red rays - T Infrared rays - U Submillimeter rays - V Radio rays - W Superluminal rays - X multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs) photocathode materials { L (i) }. F547M { Q (i) }. 511 keV gamma-ray peak { F (i) }. F675W { T (i) }. broad-band filter centered at 404 nm { N (i) }. a cloud chamber { B (i) }. ring-imaging Cherenkov { X (i) }. coherers { W (i) }. effective area is larger by 104 { H (i) }. F588N { R (i) }. pyroelectrics { U (i) }. a blemish about 8,000 km long { A (i) }. a metal-mesh achromatic half-wave plate { V (i) }. coated with lithium fluoride over aluminum { K (i) }. thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals { O (i) }. F606W { S (i) }. aluminum nitride { J (i) }. heavy water { G (i) }. 18 micrometers FWHM at 490 nm { P (i) }. wide-gap II-VI semiconductor ZnO doped with Co2+ (Zn1-xCoxO) { M (i) }. a recoiling nucleus { C (i) } high-purity germanium { I (i) }. magnetic deflection to separate out incoming ions { E (i) }. 2.2-kilogauss magnet used to sweep out electrons { D (i) }.
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{True or False, A theoretical observatory decides which systems, for example, among virtual stellar systems, should be recognizable, and which not. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Gamma rays - G Superluminals - H X-ray jets { C (i) } the index of refraction is often greater than 1 just below a resonance frequency { H (i) }. iron, nickel, cobalt, and traces of iridium { A (i) }. Sagittarius X-1 { G (i) }. escape from a typical hard low-mass X-ray binary { F (i) }. collisions with argon atoms { B (i) }. X-rays are emitted as they slow down { E (i) }. Henry Moseley using X-ray spectra { D (i) }.
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{Ionization within the Earth's atmosphere from cosmic rays has what property? - it's subject to solar eclipses - it increases underwater - cosmic rays do not penetrate the atmosphere - is higher at the base of the Eiffel tower rather than the top - is obscured by hot-air balloons + the ionization rate rises at rising elevation
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{ For standard basis, or unit, vectors (i, j, k) and vector components of a (ax, ay, az), what are the right ascension, declination, and value of a? - if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and ax equals ay, then RA equals 6h + if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and ax equals ay, then RA equals 3h + the value of a is given by $$a = \sqrt{a^2_x + a^2_y + a^2_z}$$ - if ax equals ay equals az, then the declination is -45° + if ax equals ay equals az, then the declination is +45°
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{True or False, The flux density or monochromatic flux, $$S$$, of a source is the integral of the spectral radiance, $$B$$, over the source solid angle:

$$S = \iint_{\mathrm{source}} B(\Omega)\mathrm{d}\Omega = \iint_{\mathrm{source}} B(\theta,\phi)\sin\theta\,d\theta\,d\varphi$$. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following are associated with electromagnetics? + angular momentum transfer + solar wind + protons + electrons - the baryon neutrino + charge neutralization
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{The strong force is involved in which of the following phenomena? + s-waves + the sum of the spins - neutrinos + Pauli's exclusion principle + deuterium - radio waves
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a theory? - catching a beam + one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled - it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard
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{True or False, The weak speed of a charged particle can exceed the speed of light. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following are temporal observatories in orbit around the Earth? + Chandra X-ray Observatory - Big Bear + TRACE - Kodaikanal + the Hubble - Lomnický štít - McMath-Pierce - SOFIA + Rosetta
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{True or False, The feature that makes deep inelastic lepton scattering and e+e- annihilation tractable is that these processes proceed via the electromagnetic and strong interactions. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following are involved in the weak force? - a core which emits neutrinos + Fermi's β-decay theory - 26Al - undetectable with balloon-borne detectors + Gamow-Teller interactions - steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission - observed with delta-rays in 1731 + M. Fierz
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{Complete the text: Match up the star pattern with the likely constellation: - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T Volans { L (i) }. Cassiopeia { Q (i) }. Pegasus { T (i) }. Orion { N (i) }. Crux { R (i) }. Ursa Major { O (i) }. Phoenix { S (i) }. Draco { P (i) }. Eridanus { M (i) }.
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{True or False, A calculation of energy is not possible unless a mass is involved. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the X-ray angular resolution possibilities below: Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer - A XMM-Newton - B Chandra X-ray Observatory - C Swift - D Astro-rivelatore Gamma ad Imagini Leggero (AGILE) - E Solar Heliospheric Observatory - F Suzaku - G Koronas-Foton - H 2" { D (i) } 3" { H (i) }. ~2' { G (i) }. 1" { B|F (i) }. 5.9' { E (i) }. 7' { A (i) }. 1" { B|F (i) }. 0.5" { C (i) }.
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{Which of the following may be characteristic of orbital theory? + a hyperbolic pass + stellar association - may point away from a stellar association + eccentricity + obliquity + precession
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Balloons - A Sounding rockets - B Aircraft assisted launches - C Orbital rocketry - D Shuttle payload - E Heliocentric rocketry - F Exploratory rocketry - G Lunar rover - H Ranger 5 { F (i) } microcalorimeter arrays { B (i) }. MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy { A (i) }. Lunokhod 2 { H (i) }. ALEXIS { C (i) }. Ulysses { G (i) }. Broad Band X-Ray Telescope { E (i) }. Solar Heliospheric Observatory { D (i) }.
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{Which of the following are associated with the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope? - a launch location + Kitt Peak National Observatory + a heliostat + a distinctive diagonal shaft that continues underground + a theoretical resolution of 0.07" - NOAA designations
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: superluminals - A radios - B radars - C microwaves - D submillimeters - E infrareds - F reds - G oranges - H deuterium enrichment of cometary water { F (i) } interstellar-comet connection { B (i) }. a macroscopic superstring { A (i) }. force of life { H (i) }. rings of Saturn { C (i) }. volcanic activity throughout Vesta { G (i) }. a silicon composite bolometer fed by a Winston cone { E (i) }. present-day fluctuations an order of magnitude larger { D (i) }.
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{Which of the following are phenomena associated with grid systems? + geographic coordinates + the Royal Observatory in Greenwich + French Institut Géographique National (IGN) maps + a longitude meridian passing through Paris + a local center of civilization + altitude
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{In which of the following constellations does the ecliptic and the Galaxy or the galactic plane occur? + Sagittarius + Ophiuchus - Aries - Ursa Minor + Scorpius or Scorpio - Draco + Taurus
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{Which of the following may be the first astronomical source of the Earth? + the Sun - a meteor - the Moon + Saturn - the Zodiacal Light - the International Space Station + the former protoplanetary disc
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{Using HIFI instrument aboard the Herschel Space Observatory, the first detection of what ion occurred on March 1 and March 23, 2010? { chloronium|H2Cl+|H2Cl+|H2Cl1+ (i) }
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{A first astronomical source has? + a temporal distribution with at least one datum - a spectral distribution - a spatial distribution + a position or location - a geognosy + scientific or observational investigations
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{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Crab Nebula? - a core which emits neutrinos + low-energy X-rays detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory - 26Al - undetectable with balloon-borne detectors + hard X-rays + steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission - observed with X-rays in 1731 + Taurus X-1
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{Which of the following are associated with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory? + under ice + the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station + Digital Optical Modules + the counting house is on the surface above the array - the baryon neutrino + the electron neutrino
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{Complete the text: Match up the observatory facility with the observatory: Ondrejov Observatory - A Okayama Astrophysical Observatory - B Orbiting Astronomical Observatory - C Metsähovi Radio Observatory - D Tortugas Mountain Planetary Observatory - E Pierre Auger Observatory - F { D (i) }. { A (i) }. { F (i) }. { C (i) }. { E (i) } { B (i) }.
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{Which phenomena are associated with the heliosphere? + a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by the solar wind + a bubble in space + virtually all the material emanates from the Sun itself - Voyager 2 + Voyager 1 + the termination shock
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{Electromagnetic radiation emitted by accelerating charged particles? { bremsstrahlung radiation|bremsstrahlung (i) }
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{The Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, provides? - students in the United States with free access + the Faulkes Telescope Project - a high-powered robotic telescope in Jamaica - a high-powered robotic telescope in Tasmania - on-site use of two high-powered telescopes - scientific investigations
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the distance-time phenomena with the image: line of sight - A an origin - B a displacement - C one billion light years - D measuring - E acceleration - F { D (i) }. { A (i) }. { F (i) }. { C (i) }. { E (i) } { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{If energy is the impetus behind all motion and activity, which of the following are associated with power? - a launch location + a rate of change of the impetus with time - photon density - an acceleration of the impetus - neutrinos dynamically dominating baryons + a rate of change of mass
 * type="[]"}

{Which phenomenon are associated with acceleration? + a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by a supernova - a bubble + decreasing time - displacement + orbiting + rotation
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{Complete the text: Match up the type of cosmic-ray detector with each of the possibilities below: visible tracks - A diffusion cloud chamber - B bubbles - C a grid of uninsulated electric wires - D similar to the Haverah Park experiment - E fluorescence detectors - F spark chamber { D (i) }. continuously sensitized to radiation { B (i) }. Pierre Auger Observatory { F (i) }. bubble chamber { C (i) }. Cherenkov detector { E (i) } expansion cloud chamber { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are astronomical observatory phenomena associated with the Sun? + pyranometer + actinometer + Radiation Observatory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway - neutron irradiation + the World Radiation Reference Scale (WRR) - meteor orbits + pyrheliometer
 * type="[]"}

{Which geological phenomena are associated with Earth? + lava-spewing volcanoes - sulfur volcanoes + plate tectonics + water oceans - liquid methane oceans + silicate minerals
 * type="[]"}

{Phenomena associated with Kepler-36b? - has a gaseous surface + about 30% of its mass is iron + about 4.5 times the mass of Earth + has a rocky surface + discovered by the Kepler spacecraft + about 1.5 times as large as the Earth
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following is a phenomenon associated historically with Titania? - Jupiter + a large, trenchlike feature - a relatively light surface - few or no canyons and scarps - very few impact craters - helium ice
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is associated with Pluto? + a dwarf planet - a member of the Oort belt + the northern polar region has brightened + the southern polar region has darkened - its overall redness has decreased + extreme axial tilt
 * type="[]"}

{Observations of Io have benefited greatly from what phenomenon? - a dense, opaque atmosphere - lightning - extensive meteorite cratering - a flattening out - liquid hydrocarbon lakes + the reflected light of allotropes and compounds of sulfur
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is characteristic of the scattered disc + a distant region of the solar system + the dwarf planet Eris + orbital eccentricites ranging up to 0.8 - inclinations as high as 50° + perihelia greater than 30 AU + Dysnomia
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a control group? - catching a beam + one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled - it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard
 * type=""}

{A terrestrial planet is composed primarily of? { silicate rocks|metals|silicates (i) }
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{Which of the following is not a studied characteristic of a planet? - an orbit around a star - a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape + nucleosynthesis - has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit - an initially fractionated elemental composition
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not a first astronomical source of rotation? - early Jupiter - the solar wind + the diffuse X-ray background - early Saturn + Mount Redoubt in Alaska + the asteroid belt - the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun - the Sun - the Kuiper belt
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are characteristic of geomagnetic polar reversals? + the longer the period for reversal the longer the surface irradiation + the ionosphere seems to reach the surface + life-forms may suffer from radiation sickness - asteroids may strike the Earth that otherwise would not - the rotation of the Earth slows to a halt - poles of ice completely melt
 * type="[]"}

{"The spectrum of gaseous methane at 77 K in the 1.1-2.6 µm region [is] a benchmark for" { planetary astronomy (i) }
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{Which of the following is not an astronomical entity? - Johannes Kepler - the coronal cloud very near the Sun - the Moon + the question mark (?) - the Barrington Meteor Crater - Johannes Hevelius
 * type=""}

{The Sun as a planet has what property? - it's subject to lunar eclipses - it passes once a year through the Big Dipper - its interior structure has been studied with radar - optical reflectance studies have found evidence of magnesium - it has a surface temperature of ~700 K + it is a wanderer
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the celestial octant with the constellation: NQ1 - A NQ2 - B NQ3 - C NQ4 - D SQ1 - E SQ2 - F SQ3 - G SQ4 - H Musca { G (i) }. Sagitta { D (i) }. Lynx { B (i) }. Pyxis { F (i) }. Piscis Austrinus { H (i) }. Corona Borealis { C (i) }. Pictor { E (i) } Taurus { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not an electron volt? + the angular momentum of the planet Mercury around the Sun - a unit of energy - a quantity that denotes the ability to do work - 1.2 PeV - a unit dimensioned in mass, distance, and time - a unit not based on the Coulomb
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: When imaged in visible light Venus appears like a gas { dwarf (i) } rather than a { rocky (i) } planet.
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{A natural rocky source of chemicals from the sky to the ground may originate from what astronomical source? - Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background - Mount Redoubt in Alaska + the asteroid belt - the International Space Station
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{That part of outer space between planets and their star(s) is called? { interplanetary medium (i) }
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{What may be the first astronomical source referred to by the term "God"? - early Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background + early Saturn - Mount Redoubt in Alaska - the asteroid belt - the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun - the Oort cloud - the Kuiper belt
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not an idea? + 2 - the Sun - radius - sky - heavens - orbit
 * type=""}

{The use of the principle of line of sight allows what phenomenon to be determined? + the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun - the planet Mercury is nearer to the Earth than Venus - any cumulus cloud overhead follows the Sun across the sky - the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is in the plane of the galaxy - the surface of the photosphere of the Sun is hotter than the surface of Mars - lightning always precedes rain
 * type=""}

{True or False, In the exosphere, temperature rises from around 1,500°C to 105 K. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{The relative abundances of solar cosmic rays reflect those of the solar { photosphere (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: The majority of known asteroids orbit the Sun between the orbits of { Mars|Jupiter (i) } and { Jupiter|Mars (i) }.
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{The heliosphere might be the first astronomical source of? - the interstellar medium - the solar wind + a bubble in space - virtually all the material emanating from the Sun itself - Voyager 2 - Voyager 1 + a termination shock
 * type="[]"}

{Ashen light is involved in which of the following? + earthshine - glow of the bright part of the lunar disk + light from different parts of Earth are mixed together + mimics the Earth as a single dot - neutron astronomy - X-ray astronomy
 * type="[]"}

{Meteorites found on Earth may be from which of the following? - Saturn - Mercury + the Moon + the asteroid belt - Jupiter + Mars
 * type="[]"}

{What may be the first astronomical cosmic-ray source? - Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background - Mount Redoubt in Alaska - the asteroid belt + an active galactic nucleus
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the cosmogonic possibilities below: interior models of the giant planets - A high interest for cosmogony, geophysics and nuclear physics - B hierarchical accumulation - C clouds and globular clusters - D cosmic helium abundance - E deuterium fusion - F a large deficiency of light elements - G after galactic sized systems had collapsed - H the motions of hydrogen { D (i) } formation of luminous quasars { H (i) }. stars with an initial mass less than the solar mass { G (i) }. rotating liquid drops { B|F (i) }. primordial is less than 26 per cent { E (i) }. a solar mixture of elements dominated by hydrogen and helium gas { A (i) }. around 13 Jupiter masses { F (i) }. smaller rocky objects { C (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the theoretical astronomy idea with each of the possibilities below: astronomical object - A astronomical source - B astronomical entity - C star - D interstellar medium - E material - F natural luminous body visible in the sky { D (i) }. naturally from which something comes { B (i) }. matter which may be shaped or manipulated { F (i) }. an independent, separate, or self-contained existence { C (i) }. the matter that exists in the space between the star systems { E (i) } naturally in the sky especially at night { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{If astronomy measures distances and speeds then what is mass? + an idea - a number - many distances - the sky - heavens - an orbit
 * type=""}

{An X-ray source has been located at B1950 right ascension 01h 00m 06.91s and declination +62° 05' 45.5", which of the following constellations does this source occur in? - Mensa - Camelopardalis - Hydrus - Ursa Minor + Cassiopeia - Draco - Volans
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the radiation object with the likely source: - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T a Craters of the Moon volcano { L (i) }. violet image of Venus { Q (i) }. active galactic nuclear region of NGC 5728 { T (i) }. cosmic-ray bombardment of the Moon's surface { N (i) }. blue lights from Io { R (i) }. neutrino profile of the solar octant { O (i) }. planetary nebula NGC 7048 { S (i) }. ultraviolet image of the Earth { P (i) }. a neutron star in a binary system { M (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the type of source with each of the possibilities below: a source - A a source or apparent source detected or created at or near the time of the event or events - B a source or apparent source that transforms or transduces anything originating from a primary source - C a source or apparent source that selects (such as through selective absorption), distills, scatters, or reflects anything from a primary or secondary source - D the point of origin of a ray, beam, or stream of small cross section traveling in a line - E a natural source in the sky especially at night - F a tertiary source { D (i) }. a primary source { B (i) }. an astronomical source { F (i) }. a secondary source { C (i) }. a radiation source { E (i) } an entity from which something comes or is acquired { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Space radiation may be classified according to origin as? + galactic cosmic radiation - charged particles in large clouds + solar particle radiation - interaction with the geo-electric field - protons and electrons + geomagnetically trapped particle radiation
 * type="[]"}

{What may be the first astronomical source of the rocky-object Mercury? + Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background + Saturn - Mount Redoubt in Alaska - the asteroid belt + the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with space radiation? + possible orbits + a hyperbolic orbit + nuclear fusion at a star's exposed core + nuclear fusion in a star's chromosphere - near the barycenter of its planetary system + accretion + electric arcs + non-water ice + cometary origin
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Diamond nanocrystals (size 100 nm) emit bright { luminescence (i) } at 600–800 nm when exposed to green and yellow photons. The photoluminescence, arising from excitation of the { nitrogen-vacancy|nitrogen vacancy (i) } defect centers created by proton-beam { irradiation (i) } and thermal annealing, closely resembles the extended red emission (ERE) bands observed in reflection nebulae and { planetary (i) } nebulae. The central wavelength of the emission is 700 nm.
 * type="{}"}

{The cosmic infrared background (CIB) causes a significant attenuation for very high energy protons through inverse Compton scattering, photopion and electron-positron pair production. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Background radiation may simply be any radiation that is? { pervasive (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the type of phenomenon with each of the possibilities below: visible tracks such as a star trail - A a cloud - B bubbles - C a grid of uninsulated electric wires - D octagon - E circumpolar trail - F quadrangles { D (i) }. hectare { B (i) }. rotational pole { F (i) }. diameters { C (i) }. polyhedron { E (i) } an arc { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Four scores in time is eighty { years (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are characteristic of a volume? + polyhedra + globes - hectares + pyramid - pathway - furloughs
 * type="[]"}

Hypotheses

 * 1) Essays such as for laboratories could be handled much like cases in Upper Limb Orthotics