User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Hourly 2

Principles of radiation astronomy is a course of forty-eight lectures, sixteen mini-lectures for quiz sections, three hourly quizzes that are timed at an hour, a mid-term that covers the first half of the course, and a final which covers everything in the course. This is the second of three hourlies. It covers the second sixteen lectures, the second five mini-lectures, problem sets, lessons, and laboratories.

You are free to take this quiz based on these at any time.

To improve your score, read and study the lectures and the rest, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.

As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.

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To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.

Enjoy learning by doing!

Quiz
{Complete the text: Ordinary glass is partially { transparent (i) } to UVA but is { opaque (i) } to shorter wavelengths, whereas silica or { quartz (i) } glass, depending on quality, can be { transparent (i) } even to vacuum UV wavelengths.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the description with each of the optical astronomy possibilities below: Palomar's 5 m - L adaptive optics poc - M AO actuators - N Mars Global Surveyor - O star-forming region - P Warner & Swasey - Q protoplanetary nebula - R SkyMapper - S Mauna Kea - T full-color of Mercury - U Hubble Space Telescope of carbon star - V supernova remnant - W HESS - X line of sight - Y { L (i) }. { V (i) }. { Q (i) }. { T (i) }. { Y (i) }. { N (i) }. { U (i) }. { R (i) }. { X (i) }. { O (i) }. { S (i) }. { P (i) }. { W (i) }. { M (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{The MINOS experiment uses Fermilab's NuMI beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos, that travels 455 miles (732 km) through the Earth to the? { Soudan Mine|Soudan mine (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: E0 - A E1 - B E2 - C E3 - D E4 - E E5 - F E6 - G E7 - H { D (i) }. { C (i) }. { H (i) }. { A (i) }. { G (i) }. { F (i) }. { B (i) }. { E (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are associated with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory? + under ice + the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station + Digital Optical Modules + the counting house is on the surface above the array - the baryon neutrino + the electron neutrino
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes pose a challenge to current theories of lightning, especially with the discovery of the clear signatures of neutrinos produced in lightning. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are the differences between a star and an astronomical yellow source? + a star may emit predominantly green rays - an astronomical yellow source is spherical - a yellow star is an astronomical yellow source + a star with nuclear fusion in its chromosphere emits neutrinos, but a yellow source with no nuclear fusion ongoing does not + a yellow source may be cloud like + an astronomical yellow source may be a rocky object
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the theoretical astronomy idea with each of the possibilities below: astronomical object - A astronomical source - B astronomical entity - C star - D interstellar medium - E material - F natural luminous body visible in the sky { D (i) }. naturally from which something comes { B (i) }. matter which may be shaped or manipulated { F (i) }. an independent, separate, or self-contained existence { C (i) }. the matter that exists in the space between the star systems { E (i) } naturally in the sky especially at night { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Helium has emission lines in which of the following colors? + violet + blue + cyan - green + yellow - orange + red
 * type="[]"}

{A cosmic ray may originate from what astronomical source? - Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background - Mount Redoubt in Alaska - the asteroid belt + an active galactic nucleus
 * type=""}

{True or False, Any small luminous green dot appearing in the cloudless portion of the night sky, especially with a fixed location relative to other such dots is most likely to be an active galactic nucleus. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are green radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? + the color of the upper rim as seen from Earth + an excess brightness at or near the edge of the Sun + the iron XIV green line - neutron emission + polar coronal holes - meteor emission + changes in the line-blanketing
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Intracluster medium - A Mayall's object - B M82 PAHs - C Milky Way bubbles - D Local Hot Bubble - E Stephan's Quintet - F UGC 8335 - G Arp 272 - H { G (i) } { C (i) }. { F (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }. { A (i) }. { H (i) }. { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? - a core which emits neutrinos - a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes - gravity - the barycenter for the solar system - polar coronal holes + coronal clouds - its position + temperatures at or above 1 MK
 * type="[]"}

{ANTARES is the name of a neutrino detector designed to be used as a directional Neutrino Telescope residing under the { Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{A NASA Hubble image of the Ring Nebula contains which of the following? + very hot helium blue + ionized oxygen emitting green + red light from ionized nitrogen + oxygen forbidden line emission + Hα + a forbidden line of sulfur
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, As a galaxy is made up of millions or billions of stars, a solitary star does not exist in a galaxy. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the letter of the spherical object with each of the possibilities below: Sun - A Mercury - B Venus - C Earth - D Moon - E Mars - F Ceres - G Jupiter - H Callisto - I Europa - J Ganymede - K Io - L Enceladus - M Titan - N Uranus - O Titania - P Neptune - Q Triton - R Pluto - S { M (i) }. { R (i) }. { L (i) }. { H (i) }. { G (i) }. { J (i) }. { P (i) }. { S (i) }. { D (i) }. { O (i) }. { E (i) }. { I (i) }. { K (i) }. { Q (i) }. { N (i) }. { A (i) }. { F (i) }. { C (i) }. { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Various gaps and density minima have been observed in the Saturnian { ring|rings (i) } system.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are phenomena associated with electromagnetic cascades? + spectral and timing properties of astronomical sources + very high-energy γ-rays + the way from the source to the Earth - soft X-rays - redshifts + ambient radiation fields inside the γ-ray source - source stability - protons
 * type="[]"}

{Intragalactic super soft X-ray sources may be heavily reddened by? { interstellar material|interstellar matter (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, "Regarding the fixed stars, the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac". + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following refer to an aspect of current cosmogonic models? - fragmentation of asteroids + accretion - Mars - Jupiter + transformation by accretion + kilometer-size objects - hyperbolic comets - asteroid belt + bodies comparable in size to the Earth
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Gamma rays - G Superluminals - H X-ray jets { C (i) } the index of refraction is often greater than 1 just below a resonance frequency { H (i) }. iron, nickel, cobalt, and traces of iridium { A (i) }. Sagittarius X-1 { G (i) }. escape from a typical hard low-mass X-ray binary { F (i) }. collisions with argon atoms { B (i) }. X-rays are emitted as they slow down { E (i) }. Henry Moseley using X-ray spectra { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The disparity between the atomic number of an atom and its atomic mass is explained by the existence of the neutrino. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are characteristic of a β+ decay? - a mu neutrino + a positron emission - a decay product of a neutron + weak interaction + an electron neutrino - comes in mutable varieties
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, An antimatter equivalent of an electron having the same charge but a positive mass is called a positron. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the blue object with the possibilities below: Sun - H Mercury - I Venus - J Earth - K Meteorite on Mars - L Pallas - M Comet Holmes - N Europa - O Io - P Saturn - Q Enceladus - R Tethys - S Titan - T Neptune - U Abell 370 - V SN 1987A - W Crab Nebula - X { T (i) }. { H (i) }. { N (i) }. { M (i) }. { S (i) }. { X (i) }. { O (i) }. { J (i) }. { V (i) }. { K (i) }. { R (i) }. { W (i) }. { Q (i) }. { L (i) }. { U (i) }. { I (i) }. { P (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not characteristic of a neutrino? - neutrinos are affected by the weak nuclear force + produced by a positron annihilating an electron - a decay product of a neutron - produced by the near surface fusion on the Sun - may have a mass - comes in mutable varieties
 * type=""}

{An argon-37 atom is converted by a neutrino by the charged current interaction from what atom? { chlorine-37|37Cl (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Yes or No, O VI is a lithium-like ion. + Yes - No
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are astronomical observatory phenomena associated with gamma-ray astronomy? + 20 MeV electromagnetic radiation + the Second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2) - micrometre-sized interstellar meteor particles - neutron irradiation + GRBs - meteor orbits + thorium on the Moon
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Some neutrinos originating from the Sun may be produced by the { particle accelerator-type (i) } reactions occurring in and above the { chromosphere (i) }. Differentiating these coronal cloud-induced neutrinos from the neutrino background and those theorized to be produced within the { core (i) } of the Sun may someday be possible with neutrino astronomy.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, An antimatter equivalent of a positron having the same mass but a positive charge is called an electron. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are characteristic of positronium? + an exotic atom - a nucleus of neutronium - a decay product of a neutron - a weak interaction + an eletromagnetic interaction + a center of mass
 * type="[]"}

{Observations of Io have benefitted greatly from what phenomenon? - a dense, opaque atmosphere - lightning - extensive meteorite cratering - a flattening out - liquid hydrocarbon lakes + the reflected light of allotropes and compounds of sulfur
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the gaseous-object Neptune? - Voyager 2 + blue rays + clouds - neutron emission - polar coronal holes + meteor emission - rotation
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: The First Byurakan Survey commenced in 1965 using the { Schmidt (i) } telescope at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory. The purpose of the survey was to find galaxies with an { ultraviolet (i) } excess.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The libration of the Moon through at least one full moon and one new moon occurs over the period of one earth month. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the radiation type with the satellite: meteor - A cosmic ray - B neutral atoms - C neutron - D proton - E electron - F positron - G neutrino - H gamma ray - I X-ray - J ultraviolet - K optical - L visual - M violet - N blue - O cyan - P green - Q yellow - R orange - S red - T infrared - U submillimeter - V microwave - W radio - X radar - Y superluminal - Z { M (i) }. { X (i) }. { J (i) }. { Z (i) }. { N (i) }. { I (i) }. { Y (i) }. { H (i) }. { C (i) }. { P (i) }. { E (i) }. { W (i) }. { O (i) }. { A (i) }. { Q (i) }. { G (i) }. { K (i) }. { V (i) }. { D (i) }. { U (i) }. { R (i) }. { F (i) } { S (i) }. { B (i) }. { T (i) }. { L (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is associated with Pluto? + a dwarf planet - a member of the Oort belt + the northern polar region has brightened + the southern polar region has darkened - its overall redness has decreased + extreme axial tilt
 * type="[]"}

{The charge on a planetary dust particle may change with? { latitude (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Random fluctuations in the intensity of radio waves of celestial origin, on a timescale of a few seconds is referred to as interplanetary? { scintillation (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are characteristic of a binary formed via gravitational fragmentation? + the local Jeans length + the local speed of sound + the mean molecular weight - the electron neutrino + the mean particle density - neutrons
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, If a positive chargon and a negative chargon interact, a gamma ray without a wavelength results. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the cosmogonic possibilities below: interior models of the giant planets - A high interest for cosmogony, geophysics and nuclear physics - B hierarchical accumulation - C clouds and globular clusters - D cosmic helium abundance - E deuterium fusion - F a large deficiency of light elements - G after galactic sized systems had collapsed - H the motions of hydrogen { D (i) } formation of luminous quasars { H (i) }. stars with an initial mass less than the solar mass { G (i) }. rotating liquid drops { B|F (i) }. primordial is less than 26 per cent { E (i) }. a solar mixture of elements dominated by hydrogen and helium gas { A (i) }. around 13 Jupiter masses { F (i) }. smaller rocky objects { C (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are phenomena associated with strong forces in the IGM? + stochastic acceleration + hottest clusters + scaling of the acceleration efficiency with IGM temperature - collisionless IGM - placid magnetic compressions + the smaller the mean free path - cold regions - least effective for inducing the instability
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Both { fusion|fusion- (i) } and { accretion|accretion- (i) } powered cataclysmic { variables (i) } have been observed to be X-ray sources.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, By crossing symmetry an elastic scattering cross section with a nucleon implies annihilation of dark matter (DM) into hadrons inside the halo, resulting in an anti-proton flux that could be constrained by data from the PAMELA collaboration if one includes a large boost factor necessary to explain the PAMELA excess in the positron fraction. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are minerals that can readily or often occur orange, or yellow-orange in color? + orpiment + crocoite - malachite + realgar - magnetite + calcite
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: The spectral region bounded on the long wavelength side by the atmospheric { ozone (i) } absorption and on the short wavelength side by the photoionization of interstellar { hydrogen (i) } is the ultraviolet.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? + a core which emits neutrinos - a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes + gravity + the barycenter for the solar system - polar coronal holes - coronal clouds + its position
 * type="[]"}

{A gallium detector design converts incoming neutrinos to what element? { germanium (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Einstein ring - A stellar nebula - B Andromeda galaxy - C Triplet galaxies interacting - D Hubble galaxies - E Dark matter halo simulation - F Fairall 9 (Seyfert galaxy in X-rays) - G Tycho Brahe observatory, remotely controlled telescope, captured galaxy - H { C (i) }. { H (i) }. { A (i) }. { G (i) }. { F (i) }. { B (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? - a chromosphere which emits neutrinos + coronal loops that are particle accelerator-like + synchrotron radiation - a photosphere - a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum + a polar temperature inside two radii of 1 MK + hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, The temperature for a lightning bolt channel has a peak emittance in the far ultraviolet. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the radiation letter with each of the detector possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Neutrinos - G Muons - H Gamma rays - I X-rays - J Ultraviolet rays - K Optical rays - L Visual rays - M Violet rays - N Blue rays - O Cyan rays - P Green rays - Q Yellow rays - R Orange rays - S Red rays - T Infrared rays - U Submillimeter rays - V Radio rays - W Superluminal rays - X multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs) photocathode materials { L (i) }. F547M { Q (i) }. 511 keV gamma-ray peak { F (i) }. F675W { T (i) }. broad-band filter centered at 404 nm { N (i) }. a cloud chamber { B (i) }. ring-imaging Cherenkov { X (i) }. coherers { W (i) }. effective area is larger by 104 { H (i) }. F588N { R (i) }. pyroelectrics { U (i) }. a blemish about 8,000 km long { A (i) }. a metal-mesh achromatic half-wave plate { V (i) }. coated with lithium fluoride over aluminum { K (i) }. thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals { O (i) }. F606W { S (i) }. aluminum nitride { J (i) }. heavy water { G (i) }. 18 micrometers FWHM at 490 nm { P (i) }. wide-gap II-VI semiconductor ZnO doped with Co2+ (Zn1-xCoxO) { M (i) }. a recoiling nucleus { C (i) } high-purity germanium { I (i) }. magnetic deflection to separate out incoming ions { E (i) }. 2.2-kilogauss magnet used to sweep out electrons { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of theoretical X-radiation astronomy? - a theory for any natural X-ray source + X-ray generation - theoretical X-ray emission - analytical models - computational numerical simulations
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Sa - A Sb - B Sc - C SBa - D SBb - E SBc - F Irr - G S0 - H { C (i) }. { H (i) }. { A (i) }. { G (i) }. { F (i) }. { B (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are characteristic of the first true astrophysical gamma-ray source? + a strong 2.223 MeV emission line + a solar flare + the formation of deuterium - the electron neutrino + OSO-3 + neutrons
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, Chemical ions above the Earth's atmosphere, moving at very high speeds constitute the interplanetary medium. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: The { Lyman (i) } series is the series of transitions and resulting ultraviolet emission lines of the { hydrogen (i) } atoms as an electron goes from a high-energy level to an n = { one|1 (i) } level.
 * type="{}"}

{Phenomena associated with the Milky Way are? + spiral arms - a spheroidal shape + a standard to differentiate dwarf galaxies + often referred to as the Galaxy + arms of younger stars + contains star clusters + dust lanes + extended red emission (ERE) + a faint galaxy heavy with dark matter may orbit it - larger than the Andromeda galaxy
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the radiation object with the likely source: - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T a Craters of the Moon volcano { L (i) }. violet image of Venus { Q (i) }. active galactic nuclear region of NGC 5728 { T (i) }. cosmic-ray bombardment of the Moon's surface { N (i) }. blue lights from Io { R (i) }. neutrino profile of the solar octant { O (i) }. planetary nebula NGC 7048 { S (i) }. ultraviolet image of the Earth { P (i) }. a neutron star in a binary system { M (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a laboratory on Earth? + a core which emits neutrinos + a charged particle wind which emanates out of a beam line + gravity + near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system + swirls of tan, green, blue, and white in the water + electric arcs - chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, Star clusters have been discovered to occur outside a galaxy. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{When the Earth is viewed from space using X-ray astronomy what characteristic is readily observed? - the magnetic north pole - the Hudson Bay meteorite crater - the South Atlantic Anomaly - the Bermuda Triangle - solar positron events + electrons striking the ionosphere
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Hydrogen - H, or D Helium - He Lithium - Li Beryllium - Be Boron - B Carbon - C Nitrogen - N Oxygen - O Fluorine - F Neon - Ne consumed in chromosphere fusion to produce lithium and neutrinos { Be (i) }. isotope fusion in the chromosphere producing neutrinos { He (i) } fusion in the chromosphere producing the most neutrinos { H|D (i) }. a factor of ~200 below meteorite abundance in the Sun's photosphere { Li (i) }. detected with X-rays on the Moon { O (i) }. an organic form detected in Allan Hills 84001 probably from Mars { C (i) }. detected marginally on Venus with Chandra { N (i) }. found in the X-ray spectra of comets { Ne (i) }. consumed to produce beryllium and neutrinos { B (i) }. a surface impurity on meteorites { F (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena associated with an entity? + a thermal plasma mechanism + a close binary + synchrotron radiation + high-density wind extinction - a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum + super soft X-rays + hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Whether the thermal IGM is { collisional (i) } or collisionless at scales smaller than the { Coulomb (i) } scale depends on the effect of reduced { mean free path (i) } that is mediated by the plasma { instabilities (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, According to Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus was conceived by Gaia alone, but other sources cite Aether as his father. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which phenomena are associated with the heliosphere? + a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by the solar wind + a bubble in space + virtually all the material emanates from the Sun itself - Voyager 2 + Voyager 1 + the termination shock
 * type="[]"}

{Spiral galaxies have which of the following in common? + spiral arms - a spheroidal shape - may appear lenticular - is irregular + arms of younger stars + may contain star clusters + dust lanes
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, The distribution of gamma-ray bursts is tetratropic. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are cold dark matter gamma rays? + expected signal comparable to background + annihilation radiation - a pronounced cosmic-ray halo + difficult to separate from a dark halo + dwarf spheroidals - weakly interacting massless particles
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the imaging system letter with the image possibilities below: Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (EGRET) - A XMM Newton - B Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope - C Lunar Orbiter Gamma-Ray Spectrometer - D BATSE - E Mars Odyssey GRS - F GLAST - G Swift (X-ray/Gamma-ray mission) - H { F (i) } { B (i) }. { A (i) }. { H (i) }. { C (i) }. { G (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not in the history of neutrino astronomy? - Enrico Fermi coined the term "neutrino" + Wolfgang Pauli postulated the muon neutrino - in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment, antineutrinos are created - a hydrogen bubble chamber was used to detect neutrinos - Niels Bohr was opposed to the neutrino interpretation of beta decay - a neutrino hitting a proton is detectable
 * type=""}

{The extent of the Hα absorption trough along the major axes of quenched spirals is what? + more truncated than the distribution of the Hα emission line for H I deficient galaxies - contributed to by the new stellar population - less truncated than the distribution of the Hα emission line for H I deficient galaxies - due to the quenching - disks building up from the outside in
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the first astronomical source possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Gamma rays - G Superluminals - H cosmic rays { C|D (i) } galactic nuclei { H (i) }. comets { A (i) }. electron-positron annihilation { G (i) }. weak force nuclear decay { F (i) }. AGNs { B (i) }. 511 keV photon pair production { E (i) }. solar wind { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with Saturn? + X-radiation concentrated near equator + reflection of solar X-rays - aurora + stronger than expected reflected solar X-rays - X-rays from rings - diffuse X-ray background + soft X-ray emission + fluorescence of solar X-rays
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the type of Sun system astrogony with each of the possibilities below: Babylonian epic story of creation - A a primordial or first Greek god - B the primeval chaos - C creation of heaven and earth - D Greek god personifying the sky - E Cronus (Saturn) castrating his father - F separation of the waters by a firmament { D (i) }. Chaos magno { B (i) }. Uranus { F (i) }. watery abyss { C (i) }. Ouranos { E (i) } Enuma Elish { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The observations of planetary motion agree with computed orbits to the accuracy of the observations. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{ The galaxy image at the right has approximately which type of rotational symmetry? - one-fold - ⊙ + two-fold - ⊖ - three-fold - ▲ - four-fold - ◈ - five-fold - ✪ - six-fold - ✱
 * type=""}

{True or False, Neutrinos emanate from a neutron star because an atomic nucleus the size hypothesized for a neutron star is unstable and the neutrons decompose giving off neutrinos. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the object viewed in the ultraviolet with its image: Sun's chromosphere- L calcite - M Venus - N Jupiter's aurora - O Jupiter - P Io - Q Saturn - R Betelgeuse - S Mira - T LAB-1 - U Messier 101 - V { L (i) }. { Q (i) }. { T (i) }. { N (i) }. { R (i) }. { O (i) }. { U (i) } { S (i) }. { P (i) }. { M (i) }. { V (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{The relative abundances of solar cosmic rays reflect those of the solar { photosphere (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are characteristic of solar proton astronomy? + the solar wind + polar coronal holes + protons originating from the photosphere - the electron neutrino + GOES 11 - neutrons
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Interstellar comet - A Neutrals - B Geminga - C star formation region - D Local Hot Bubble - E H II regions - F Ring Nebula - G molecular cloud - H supernova remnant - I Messier 17 - J empty space - K { G (i) }. { K (i) }. { C (i) }. { F (i) }. { E (i) }. thumb|left|100px { I (i) }. [[Image:The star formation region NGC 6559.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { D (i) }. [[Image:Mira the star-by Nasa alt crop.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { A (i) }. [[Image:ESO- Stellar Nursery-M 17-Phot-24a-00-normal.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { J (i) }. [[Image:Molecular.cloud.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { H (i) }. [[Image:484684main 1 AP IBEX combined 1.74.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Pick the characteristics of a gamma-ray burst. - a strong 2.223 MeV emission line + flashes of gamma rays + associated with extremely energetic explosions + most luminous events known + can last from ten milliseconds to several minutes + followed by a longer-lived "afterglow"
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following radiation phenomena are associated with the ultraviolet? + He II lines + B I line + Be II lines + carbon III line - Hβ emission + oxygen O I lines
 * type="[]"}

{Do we know enough about the intergalactic medium to trust measurements of background sources seen through foreground { structure (i) }?
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Violet astronomy is the radiation astronomy over the wavelength band 380-450 nm. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is characteristic of the scattered disc + a distant region of the solar system + the dwarf planet Eris + orbital eccentricites ranging up to 0.8 - inclinations as high as 50° + perihelia greater than 30 AU + Dysnomia
 * type="[]"}

{The point where the interstellar medium and solar wind pressures balance is called the { heliopause (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Hydrogen has emission lines in which of the following colors? + violet - blue + cyan - green - yellow - orange + red
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, Ultraviolet observations by Mariner 10 of Mercury provided evidence for the presence of H and He in the atmosphere. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Balloons - A Sounding rockets - B Aircraft assisted launches - C Orbital rocketry - D Shuttle payload - E Heliocentric rocketry - F Exploratory rocketry - G Lunar rover - H Ranger 5 { F (i) } microcalorimeter arrays { B (i) }. MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy { A (i) }. Lunokhod 2 { H (i) }. ALEXIS { C (i) }. Ulysses { G (i) }. Broad Band X-Ray Telescope { E (i) }. Solar Heliospheric Observatory { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{A cloud at nearly a quarter of the distance to Proxima Centauri is called the { Oort cloud (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the violet or violet containing image with the object letter: Sun - A Venus - B Earth - C Moon - D Mars - E Jupiter - F Ganymede - G Io - H Saturn - I Dione - J Titan - K Uranus - L Ariel - M Miranda - N Triton - O Eta Carinae - P NGC 5584 - Q { N (i) }. { K (i) }. { O (i) }. { J (i) }. { I (i) }. { E (i) }. { Q (i) }. { F (i) }. { P (i) }. { B (i) }. { H (i) }. { L (i) }. { D (i) }. { G (i) } { C (i) }. { A (i) }. { M (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Hematite occurs as a blue to bluish-gray mineral on Mars. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Phenomena associated with some brown dwarfs are which of the following? + lithium + a temperature well below the stellar range + methane absorption + the lithium test + X-rays + T dwarfs
 * type="[]"}

Hypotheses

 * 1) Proposing several state-of-the-art, or science, original research projects for which funding is likely may be a good way to recruit students.