User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Midterm quiz

Principles of radiation astronomy is a course of forty-eight lectures, sixteen mini-lectures for quiz sections, three hourly quizzes that are timed at an hour, a mid-term that covers the first half of the course, and a final which covers everything in the course. This is the mid-term quiz. It covers the first twenty-four lectures, the first eight mini-lectures, problem sets, lessons, and laboratories, except where noted in the course syllabus.

You are free to take this quiz based on these at any time.

To improve your score, read and study the lectures and the rest, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.

As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.

Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.

To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.

The quiz is timed at 3 hours.

Enjoy learning by doing!

Quiz
{Yes or No, A calculation of energy is not possible unless a mass is involved. + Yes - No
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{Complete the text: Bombardment by protostellar { cosmic rays (i) } may make the rock { precursors (i) } of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions { CAIs (i) } and chondrules radioactive, producing { radionuclides (i) } found in meteorites that are difficult to obtain with other mechanisms.
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{Complete the text: At the high end of the proton energy spectrum (above ≈ 1018 eV) the { Larmor (i) } radius deflection becomes { small (i) } enough that proton astronomy becomes { possible (i) }.
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{Which of the following may be characteristic of magnetohydrodynamics? + driven by current gradients - neutral atoms + closed tube loops + twisted flux + open field lines + synchrotron radiation
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{True or False, Van Allen radiation belt electrons are constantly removed by collisions with atmospheric neutrals, losses to the magnetopause, and outward radial diffusion. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Complete the text: Match up the type of cosmic-ray detector with each of the possibilities below: visible tracks - A diffusion cloud chamber - B bubbles - C a grid of uninsulated electric wires - D similar to the Haverah Park experiment - E fluorescence detectors - F spark chamber { D (i) }. continuously sensitized to radiation { B (i) }. Pierre Auger Observatory { F (i) }. bubble chamber { C (i) }. Cherenkov detector { E (i) } expansion cloud chamber { A (i) }.
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{Complete the text: An X-ray binary star exhibiting periodic and rapid increases in luminosity (typically a factor of 10 or greater) peaked in the X-ray regime is called an { X-ray burster (i) }.
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{Which of the following may be a type of X-ray binary? - a dwarf planet - a member of the Oort belt + a soft X-ray transient - the polar regions (North and South) of Jupiter + an X-ray burster + Hercules X-1 + an X-ray emitting Be star
 * type="[]"}

{ The galaxy image at the right has approximately which type of rotational symmetry?? - one-fold - ⊙ + two-fold - ⊖ - three-fold - ▲ - four-fold - ◈ - five-fold - ✪ - six-fold - ✱
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{True or False, Super soft X-ray sources have been detected in the Magellanic clouds. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Complete the text: A non-SI unit of spectral X-ray flux density is called the { Jansky (i) }.
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{The generalization to self-gravitating continua is outlined focused on the classification problem of singularities and metamorphoses arising in the { density field (i) }.
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{Which of the following may be characteristic of a universe? + an origin + singularity + chaos + aether + local steady-state + uncountability + irrational numbers
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{True or False, The flux density or monochromatic flux, $$S$$, of a source is the integral of the spectral radiance, $$B$$, over the source solid angle:

$$S = \iint_{\mathrm{source}} B(\Omega)\mathrm{d}\Omega = \iint_{\mathrm{source}} B(\theta,\phi)\sin\theta\,d\theta\,d\varphi$$. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a laboratory? - catching a beam + one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled - it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard
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{True or False, Although the Earth's field is generally well approximated by a magnetic dipole with its axis near the rotational axis, there are occasional dramatic events where the North and South geomagnetic poles trade places. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following are characteristic of geomagnetic polar reversals? + the longer the period for reversal the longer the surface irradiation + the ionosphere seems to reach the surface + life-forms may suffer from radiation sickness - asteroids may strike the Earth that otherwise would not - the rotation of the Earth slows to a halt - poles of ice completely melt
 * type="[]"}

{Ionization within the Earth's atmosphere from cosmic rays has what property? - it's subject to solar eclipses - it increases underwater - cosmic rays do not penetrate the atmosphere - is higher at the base of the Eiffel tower rather than the top - is obscured by hot-air balloons + the ionization rate rises at rising elevation
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{ True or False, The galaxy image at right, NGC 2788A is a likely first neutron source in Volans. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following appear to be true for galaxy symmetry? + a galaxy may have an axis of rotation that is one-fold + a galaxy may appear as a left-handed or right-handed helix even though mostly planar rather than helical + a galaxy may appear to have a two-fold axis of rotation - a galaxy may appear to have a five-fold axis of rotation with two arms on one side and three on the other + a galaxy may appear to have a three-fold axis of rotation - a galaxy may appear to have a four-fold axis of rotation with a different number of arms in each quadrant + a galaxy may appear to have a six-fold axis of rotation
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{Complete the text: The three key parameters of a { periodic (i) } waveform are its { amplitude|volume (i) }, { phase|timing (i) } and its { frequency|pitch (i) }.
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{True or False, Theorists try to generate or modify models to take into account new data. + TRUE - FALSE
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{A possible solution to the discrepancy between the Spite plateau abundance and the predicted value of the primordial lithium abundance is lithium depletion through? { atomic diffusion|diffusion (i) }
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{True or False, Neutrinos emanate from a neutron star because an atomic nucleus the size hypothesized for a neutron star is unstable and the neutrons decompose giving off neutrinos. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Complete the text: Some neutrinos originating from the Sun may be produced by the { particle accelerator-type (i) } reactions occurring in and above the { chromosphere (i) }. Differentiating these coronal cloud-induced neutrinos from the neutrino background and those theorized to be produced within the { core (i) } of the Sun may someday be possible with neutrino astronomy.
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of X-rays associated with neutron stars? - X-ray jets - X-ray binary + emission peaks indicative of neutron decay - X-ray burster - a low-mass X-ray binary
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Distance moduli have been estimated for NGC 6946 using its brightest { blue (i) } stars and its { HII (i) } ring.
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{True or False, The hot ionized medium (HIM) consists of a coronal cloud which emits X-rays. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: sources - A 339 - B satellite - C earlier designation - D actual observation dates - E 4U - F The catalog contains how many? { B (i) } Prefix for sources detected during the final observation period { F (i) }. The fourth is a catalog of X-ray { A (i) }. Uhuru was a { C (i) }. The catalog does not necessarily contain the { D (i) }. It does not contain { E (i) }.
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{Complete the text: { No (i) } publication in print contains the identification of all of the first X-ray sources discovered for each of the 88 (or 89) constellations.
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{Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the rocky-object Io? + surface regions reflecting or emitting violet or purple - an excess brightness at or near the edge + red regions that may be phosphorus - neutron emission - polar coronal holes + meteor emission - rotation
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Intracluster medium - A Mayall's object - B M82 PAHs - C Milky Way bubbles - D Local Hot Bubble - E Stephan's Quintet - F UGC 8335 - G Arp 272 - H { G (i) } { C (i) }. { F (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }. { A (i) }. { H (i) }. { B (i) }.
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{True or False, The 35 astronomical X-ray sources detected by sounding rocket in 1967 was accomplished by the X-ray astronomy group at NRL. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of theoretical X-radiation astronomy? - a theory for any natural X-ray source + X-ray generation - theoretical X-ray emission - analytical models - computational numerical simulations
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{Which of the following are astronomical observatory phenomena associated with gamma-ray astronomy? + 20 MeV electromagnetic radiation + the Second Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2) - micrometre-sized interstellar meteor particles - neutron irradiation + GRBs - meteor orbits + thorium on the Moon
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, It has recently been suggested by Cane et al. 2002 that a class of type III solar radio bursts, called type III-l, is reliably associated with intense solar energetic particle (SEP) events. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Sun - A Mercury - B Venus - C Earth - D Comets - E Mars - F Jupiter - G Saturn - H Auroral currents on the order of 106 Amps { G (i) } Fluorescent radiation from oxygen at ~130 km above the surface { C (i) }. Faint halo of X-rays extending out some 7,000 km { F (i) }. Solar wind lighting up with X-rays { E (i) }. Bright X-ray arcs at low energy { D (i) }. Major source of hard X-rays { A (i) }. X-ray emission concentrated near the equator { H (i) }. Low surface iron content in minerals { B (i) }.
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{Object identification: What "mystery object" made a sudden appearance on February 21, 2006, and was observed to have an X-ray glow around it by the X-ray observatory satellite XMM Newton in early August 2006? { SCP 06F6 (i) }
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{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? - a core which emits neutrinos - a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes - gravity - the barycenter for the solar system - polar coronal holes + coronal clouds - its position + temperatures at or above 1 MK
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, The symbol $$\odot$$ may represent early Saturn. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Complete the text: An astronomical X-ray source may have one or more { positional|position (i) } locations, plus associated { error (i) } circles or { boxes (i) }, from which { incoming (i) } X-radiation has been { detected|detectable (i) }.
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{Which of the following appear to be true for NGC 6946? - a core which emits neutrinos + a face-on galaxy + a spiral galaxy + two-fold rotational symmetry + three spiral arms on each side + galaxy type Sab - no HII rings + approximately 23 million light years away
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{True or False, X-rays span approximately three decades in wavelength, frequency, and energy. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of radiation sensitivity? - susceptibility + a material inert to change - physical changes from radiation - chemical changes by radiation - radiation induced change to a material
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Sa - A Sb - B Sc - C SBa - D SBb - E SBc - F Irr - G S0 - H { C (i) }. { H (i) }. { A (i) }. { G (i) }. { F (i) }. { B (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are associated with the big bang neutrinos? - a launch location + relic neutrinos + of order of the photon density + the thermal energy at which neutrinos decouple + neutrinos dynamically dominate baryons - a contracting universe
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{True or False, To reflect at the 79 keV level, glass layers are multi-coated with W/SiC. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following are green radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? + the color of the upper rim as seen from Earth + an excess brightness at or near the edge of the Sun + the iron XIV green line - neutron emission + polar coronal holes - meteor emission + changes in the line-blanketing
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{X-ray emission dividing lines may be explained by low transition region densities leading to low emission in? { coronae (i) }
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{True or False, A more extensive galaxy classification scheme starting from the Hubble scheme indicates that an Sab galaxy is approximately in between Sa and Sb. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is associated with the Sun as a possible first X-ray source? + lofting an X-ray detector with a V-2 rocket from White Sands Proving Grounds on August 5, 1948 + in the late 1930s, "the presence of a very hot, tenuous gas surrounding the Sun ... was inferred indirectly from optical coronal lines of highly ionized species" - early theoretical estimates of black body radiation from the solar corona - “extensive 1/4 keV emission in the Galactic halo” - its overall redness has decreased - ionizing radiation that may originate deep within the Sun does not reach the bottom of a sunspot
 * type="[]"}

{Sprial galaxies have which of the following in common? + spiral arms - a spheroidal shape - may appear lenticular - is irregular + arms of younger stars + may contain star clusters + dust lanes
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{Complete the text: While exceptions may occur, match up the star class letter with each of the X-ray possibilities below: star class - O star class - B star class - A star class - F star class - G star class - K star class - M LX >> Lv { M (i) }. constant X-ray luminosity across the class { B (i) } independent of visual luminosity { F (i) }. LX ~ 10-3Lbol { G (i) }. abrupt onset of X-ray emission across the class { A (i) }. LX ~ 10-7Lbol { O (i) }. LX << 10-3Lbol { K (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the NuSTAR spacecraft? + hard X-ray detectors + CdZnTe pixel detectors + CsI anti-coincidence shield - windowless < 3 keV soft X-ray detectors + 1.5" strong source positioning + 2 µs X-ray temporal resolution + 900 eV at 68 keV spectral resolution + FOV at 68 keV of 6'
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, The NuSTAR observatory has a 10.14 m instrument focal length for its Wolter I telescopes. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following are characteristic of solar green astronomy? + limb faculae + polar coronal holes + black body temperature of the photosphere - the electron neutrino + iron (Fe XIV) green line - neutrons
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, A proton and neutron will have lower energy when their spins are anti-parallel, not parallel. - TRUE + FALSE
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{A collimated stream, spurt or flow of liquid or gas or plasma in a narrow cone of particles? { jet|a jet (i) }
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of outer space? - gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure - similar to a laboratory vacuum + free space - imperfect vacuum - partial vacuum
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{That part of outer space between planets and their star(s) is called the? { interplanetary medium (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are characteristic of QED vacuum? + fluctuations + no photons + no matter particles + relative permittivity + relative permeability
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{Which of the following are characteristic of the first true astrophysical gamma-ray source? + a strong 2.223 MeV emission line + a solar flare + the formation of deuterium - the electron neutrino + OSO-3 + neutrons
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: X-ray astronomy consists of three fundamental parts: 1. { logical laws (i) } with respect to incoming X-rays, or X-radiation, 2. { natural X-ray sources (i) }, and 3. the { sky (i) } and associated { realms (i) } with respect to X-rays.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The weak speed of a charged particle can exceed the speed of light. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are characteristic of positronium? + an exotic atom - a nucleus of neutronium - a decay product of a neutron - a weak interaction + an eletromagnetic interaction + a center of mass
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, α Phe is a likely positron source in the constellation Pictor. - TRUE + FALSE
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{The first astronomical X-ray source in the constellation Dorado is likely to be which of the following? - the Sun - the Small Magellanic Cloud - Scorpius X-1 + the Large Magellanic Cloud - the Crab Nebula
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{Which of the following may supply power into the Crab Nebula? + an outflowing wind - particles into the pulsar + particles from the pulsar + electrons and positrons in the wind + particles coming out of the pulsar very close to light speed
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{True or False, The infrared spectra of olivine and enstatite are essentially unchanged after proton bombardment. + TRUE - FALSE
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{A first X-ray source located roughly 9000 light years away in the constellation Scorpius is { Scorpius X-1 | Sco X-1 (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes pose a challenge to current theories of lightning, especially with the discovery of the clear signatures of neutrinos produced in lightning. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Skylark - A V-2 - B Nike-Asp - C Aerobee 150 - D Black Brant XII - E Vertikal - F Terrier Sandhawk - G Wallops Flight Facility { E (i) } Woomera, Australia { A (i) }. Natal, Brazil { D (i) }. Kapustin Yar { F (i) }. White Sands Missile Range { B|D (i) }. Point Defiance { C (i) }. Barking Sands { G (i) }. White Sands Proving Grounds { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, By crossing symmetry an elastic scattering cross section with a nucleon implies annihilation of dark matter (DM) into hadrons inside the halo, resulting in an anti-proton flux that could be constrained by data from the PAMELA collaboration if one includes a large boost factor necessary to explain the PAMELA excess in the positron fraction. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{The darker regions in X-rays at the North and South poles of the Sun are coronal holes, where the magnetic field lines are? { open (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, HR 4731, α2 Cru is an infrared source in the constellation Crux. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which phenomena are associated with the heliosphere? + a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by the solar wind + a bubble in space + virtually all the material emanates from the Sun itself - Voyager 2 + Voyager 1 + the termination shock
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, For an object entering the heliosphere toward the Sun, if its mass and charge are a fraction of the Sun's, say 20 %, then the gravitational force between them is orders of magnitude greater than the electrostatic force at about 1,000 AU. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following X-ray phenomena is not a characteristic of the Helios satellites? + heliocentric orbit - short-lived (0.5 h) soft X-ray events - longer-lived X-ray events (3 h on average) - any steady X-ray source - XREs
 * type=""}

{True or False, For an object entering the heliosphere toward the Sun, if its mass and charge are a fraction of the Sun's, say 20 %, and its approach velocity is some 40 times the Sun's escape velocity, then the object will fly right through the solar system without achieving an orbit around the Sun, even if there are electric currents between the object and the Sun. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: The standard solar models have enjoyed tremendous success recently in terms of agreement between the predicted { outer structure|structure (i) } and the results from { helioseismology|seismology (i) } but some { observed properties|properties (i) } of the Sun still defy explanation, such as the degree of { Li|lithium (i) } depletion.
 * type="{}"}

{ For standard basis, or unit, vectors (i, j, k) and vector components of a (ax, ay, az), what are the right ascension, declination, and value of a? - if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and ax equals ay, then RA equals 6h + if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and ax equals ay, then RA equals 3h + the value of a is given by $$a = \sqrt{a^2_x + a^2_y + a^2_z}$$ - if ax equals ay equals az, then the declination is -45° + if ax equals ay equals az, then the declination is +45°
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: The ratio of neutrons to 2.2-MeV { gamma rays (i) } depends significantly on the direction of motion of the flare-accelerated particles with respect to the solar { atmosphere|photosphere (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{If energy is the impetus behind all motion and activity, which of the following are associated with power? - a launch location + a rate of change of the impetus with time - photon density - an acceleration of the impetus - neutrinos dynamically dominating baryons + a rate of change of mass
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the X-ray angular resolution possibilities below: Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer - A XMM-Newton - B Chandra X-ray Observatory - C Swift - D Astro-rivelatore Gamma ad Imagini Leggero (AGILE) - E Solar Heliospheric Observatory - F Suzaku - G Koronas-Foton - H 2" { D (i) } 3" { H (i) }. ~2' { G (i) }. 1" { B|F (i) }. 5.9' { E (i) }. 7' { A (i) }. 1" { B|F (i) }. 0.5" { C (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: For the direction of motion of flare-accelerated particles, consider three cases: { isotropic (i) } motion, upward-directed { motion (i) } towards the corona, and { downward (i) }-directed motion towards the photosphere.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Scorpius X-1 - A Serpens X-1 - B Circinus X-1 - C Virgo X-1 - D Taurus X-1 - E Cygnus X-1 - F Cepheus X-1 - G Sagittarius X-1 - H Crab Nebula { E (i) } Messier 87 { D (i) }. 2U 1744-26 { H (i) }. Tychos's Nova SN 1572 { G (i) }. Carina X-1 misprint { C (i) }. the first X-ray source widely accepted to be a black hole candidate { F (i) }. discovered in 1962 by a team under Riccardo Giacconi { A (i) }. not Caput { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Earth? - a core which emits neutrinos - a charged particle wind which emanates out the polar ionosphere holes + gravity + near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system + the swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are most likely sediment in the water - coronal clouds + chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with the Earth? + lightning - Van Allen radiation belts + electrons striking the ionosphere + the geocorona - ice cores - meteorites - diffuse X-ray background - hurricanes
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, The cosmic X-ray background has higher intensity than the cosmic radio background. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{What negatively charged particles may be used as tracers of cosmic magnetic fields? { electrons (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The observations of planetary motion agree with computed orbits to the accuracy of the observations. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are characteristic of solar proton astronomy? + the solar wind + polar coronal holes + protons originating from the photosphere - the electron neutrino + GOES 11 - neutrons
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Chemistry - A Geography - B History - C Mathematics - D Physics - E Science - F Technology - G Geology - H solar eclipses { B (i) } a spatial frequency of occurrence or extent { E (i) }. radio observations revealed a radio corona around the Sun { C (i) }. elemental abundances { A (i) }. microcalorimeter arrays { G (i) }. The Ariel V /3 A/ catalogue of X-ray sources. II - Sources at high galactic latitude |b| > 10° { F (i) }. Carancas meteorite { H (i) }. a thermal bremsstrahlung source may fit { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The spin carried by quarks is not sufficient to account for the total spin of protons. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: The photosphere of the Sun has an effective temperature of 5577 K yet its corona has an average temperature of { 1-2 MK|1-2 x 106 K (i) }. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than { direct heat conduction (i) } from the photosphere.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, A quantum number that depends upon the relative number of strange quarks and anti-strange quarks is called a quarkness. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: The { collimating (i) } effects of the grid { enclosure (i) } or external metal { slats (i) } determine the envelope for the { triangular (i) } transmission peaks.
 * type="{}"}

{An Aerobee 150 sounding rocket flight on April 25, 1965, discovered how many candidate X-ray sources? { seven (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of X-radiation? - electromagnetic radiation - ionizing radiation - emitted by a few atomic nuclei + occurs when a positron and an electron annihilate each other - only penetrates so far into a gaseous-objects atmosphere
 * type=""}

{True or False, Super soft X-ray sources are in most cases only detected below 0.5 keV. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of super soft X-radiation? - electromagnetic radiation - ionizing radiation - usually hidden by interstellar absorption in the galactic disk - readily evident in external galaxies + have energies in the 0.09 to 2.5 keV range
 * type=""}

{True or False, Electron density applied to free radicals is spin density. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Intragalactic super soft X-ray sources may be heavily reddened by? { interstellar material|interstellar matter (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Wolter Type I X-ray optics uses three reflections to focus the incoming X-rays. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with Jupiter? + lightning + aurora - a geocorona - minerals high in magnesium - solar X-rays - diffuse X-ray background + a sunward region - low-oxygen conditions
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of astrognosy? - internal structure - element composition - distributions of plasma, gases, liquids, or solids + landscape - spheres - approximate concentricity
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the type of Sun system astrogony with each of the possibilities below: Babylonian epic story of creation - A a primordial or first Greek god - B the primeval chaos - C creation of heaven and earth - D Greek god personifying the sky - E Cronus (Saturn) castrating his father - F separation of the waters by a firmament { D (i) }. Chaos magno { B (i) }. Uranus { F (i) }. watery abyss { C (i) }. Ouranos { E (i) } Enuma Elish { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? + ultraviolet emission + X-ray emission + gamma-ray emission + neutron emission + 7Be emission + meteor emission
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, Below EeV energies ultra high energy neutrons have boosted lifetimes. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: A composite { electron density (i) } spectrum is approximately a { power (i) } law over at least the ≈ 5 decade wavenumber range 10-13 m-1 < wavenumber < 10-8 m-1 and that may extend to { higher (i) } wavenumbers.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: The X-ray luminosity of the { dominant (i) } group is an order of { magnitude (i) } fainter than that of the X-ray { jet (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Many elements emit or fluoresce specific wavelengths of X-rays which in turn allow their? { identification (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Regarding a blue haze layer near the south polar region of Titan, the difference in color { blue (i) } above and { orange (i) } nearer the { surface (i) } could be due to { particle size (i) } of the haze.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are the differences between a star and an astronomical yellow source? + a star may emit predominantly green rays - an astronomical yellow source is spherical - a yellow star is an astronomical yellow source + a star with nuclear fusion in its chromosphere emits neutrinos, but a yellow source with no nuclear fusion ongoing does not + a yellow source may be cloud like + an astronomical yellow source my be a rocky object
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, Electrons in the Earth's magnetosphere are energized by neutral particles from the Sun. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{If there was no nuclear force, all nuclei with two or more protons would fly apart because of the electromagnetic? { repulsion (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{A natural X-ray source has been detected by an X-ray counter at a site on the ground (Earth) from what astronomical X-ray source? - the Sun - the ionosphere - the diffuse X-ray background - Serpens X-1 - the Moon + lightning
 * type=""}

{True or False, As gamma rays are defined to be radiation emitted from radionuclides, there are no radionuclides that emit X-rays. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of X-radiation? - throwing a beam - a stream of charged or neutral rays + calculating the energy of a beam - sending out a traveling ray - a secondary-object hazard
 * type=""}

{True or False, A unit vector is a direction with a magnitude of one. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not an electron volt? + the angular momentum of the planet Mercury around the Sun - a unit of energy - a quantity that denotes the ability to do work - 1.2 PeV - a unit dimensioned in mass, distance, and time - a unit not based on the Coulomb
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the radiation type with the satellite: meteor - A cosmic ray - B neutral atoms - C neutron - D proton - E electron - F positron - G neutrino - H gamma ray - I X-ray - J ultraviolet - K optical - L visual - M violet - N blue - O cyan - P green - Q yellow - R orange - S red - T infrared - U submillimeter - V microwave - W radio - X radar - Y superluminal - Z { M (i) }. { X (i) }. { J (i) }. { Z (i) }. { N (i) }. { I (i) }. { Y (i) }. { H (i) }. { C (i) }. { P (i) }. { E (i) }. { W (i) }. { O (i) }. { A (i) }. { Q (i) }. { G (i) }. { K (i) }. { V (i) }. { D (i) }. { U (i) }. { R (i) }. { F (i) } { S (i) }. { B (i) }. { T (i) }. { L (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Solitary electrons constitute much of the remaining 1 % of cosmic rays. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with stellar surface fusion? + luminosities below ~3 x 1038 erg/s + a few SSS with luminosities ≥1039 erg/s + synchrotron radiation - a photosphere - a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum + super soft X-rays + hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, If stellar flares have origins similar to solar flares, then flare stars produce neutrons. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{True or False, Only relativistic neutrons would be able to reach Earth from other stars before decaying. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{True or False, An X-ray may have a wavelength as long as 10 nm. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are associated with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory? + under ice + the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station + Digital Optical Modules + the counting house is on the surface above the array - the baryon neutrino + the electron neutrino
 * type="[]"}

{Before the current era and perhaps before 6,000 b2k which classical planet may have been observed as a pole star for the Earth? { Osiris|Saturn (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Wolter Type II X-ray optics uses two reflections to focus the incoming X-rays. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Optical bench - A Focal length - B CCD - C Coded aperture - D Grazing incidence - E Modulator - F Collimator - G Normal incidence - H a device for the movement of electrical charge { C (i) } gold mirrors { E (i) }. narrows a beam { G (i) }. a measure of how strongly a system converges or diverges { B (i) }. reflective multilayer optics { H (i) }. varying amplitude, phase, or frequency { F (i) }. a flat grille { D (i) }. a platform used to support systems { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Wolter Type III X-ray optics uses one reflection to focus the incoming X-rays. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not an astronomical X-ray source? - the planet Mercury + traces of the element gold in the Sun’s photosphere - the solar wind - Cepheus X-1 - nucleosynthesis near the surface of the Sun - lightning on Jupiter
 * type=""}

{The evolution of organics to carbonaceous material induced by proton irradiation is a well established phenomenon independent of the type of original carbon containing material. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not a usual characteristic of X-ray optics? - grazing incidence mirrors - tungsten-silicon multilayer coatings - nested mirrors - an angular resolution + X-ray lens
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: The multigrid collimator has the additional { grid (i) } inserted at a specified { intermediate (i) } position between the two grids, { aligned (i) } approximately { parallel (i) } to them, and { positioned (i) } and rotated so that each third { wire (i) } lies in a plane defined by a wire in the outer grid and a wire in the { inner (i) } grid.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The electron reflectometer (ER) aboard the Lunar Prospector determines the location and strength of magnetic fields from the energy spectrum and direction of electrons. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{True or False, The feature that makes deep inelastic lepton scattering and e+e- annihilation tractable is that these processes proceed via the electromagnetic and strong interactions. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is associated with the diffuse X-ray background? - the Sun + rather consistently observed over a wide range of energies - an Aitoff-Hammer equal-area map in galactic coordinates + an isotropic X-ray background flux was obtained in 1956 + an early high-energy end was obtained by instruments on board Ranger 3 + super soft X-rays are absorbed by galactic neutral hydrogen
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a laboratory on Earth? + a core which emits neutrinos + a charged particle wind which emanates out of a beam line + gravity + near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system + swirls of tan, green, blue, and white in the water + electric arcs - chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere
 * type="[]"}

{Spin-charge separation has which characteristics? + a chargon + a spinon + taking place inside solids + extremely tight confinement - neutron affinity - X-ray absorption
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, The first extragalactic X-ray source is the radio galaxy Messier 88. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are characteristic of high-velocity stars? + moving faster than 65 km/s - closer stars more affected + may point away from a stellar association + comet-like appearance - red shift - blue shift
 * type="[]"}

{An argon-37 atom is converted by a neutrino by the charged current interaction from what atom? { chlorine-37|37Cl (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the detectors or satellites below: Bonner Ball Neutron Detector - A Multi Mirror Telescope - B MAGIC telescope - C Explorer 11 - D HEAO 3 - E Helios - F Pioneer 10 - G Voyager 1 - H { C (i) } { H (i) }. { A (i) }. { G (i) }. { F (i) }. { B (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following phenomena are associated with the core of the Sun? - origin of the magnetic field - the convection zone - the tachocline + Solar neutrinos - radiative zone + gamma-rays
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, During large solar flares, the region near Mercury may be strongly illuminated with solar neutrons. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of X-radiation in the IGM? - X-rays come from the IGM - an X-ray background + shock heating - secondary ionizations and excitations - far more likely to be absorbed by He I rather than H I
 * type=""}

{Do we know enough about the intergalactic medium to trust measurements of background sources seen through foreground { structure (i) }?
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are units of distance? + meter - acre + chain - acorn - tympan - гектар + reach
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the radiation letter with each of the detector possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Neutrinos - G Muons - H Gamma rays - I X-rays - J Ultraviolet rays - K Optical rays - L Visual rays - M Violet rays - N Blue rays - O Cyan rays - P Green rays - Q Yellow rays - R Orange rays - S Red rays - T Infrared rays - U Submillimeter rays - V Radio rays - W Superluminal rays - X multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs) photocathode materials { L (i) }. F547M { Q (i) }. 511 keV gamma-ray peak { F (i) }. F675W { T (i) }. broad-band filter centered at 404 nm { N (i) }. a cloud chamber { B (i) }. ring-imaging Cherenkov { X (i) }. coherers { W (i) }. effective area is larger by 104 { H (i) }. F588N { R (i) }. pyroelectrics { U (i) }. a blemish about 8,000 km long { A (i) }. a metal-mesh achromatic half-wave plate { V (i) }. coated with lithium fluoride over aluminum { K (i) }. thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals { O (i) }. F606W { S (i) }. aluminum nitride { J (i) }. heavy water { G (i) }. 18 micrometers FWHM at 490 nm { P (i) }. wide-gap II-VI semiconductor ZnO doped with Co2+ (Zn1-xCoxO) { M (i) }. a recoiling nucleus { C (i) } high-purity germanium { I (i) }. magnetic deflection to separate out incoming ions { E (i) }. 2.2-kilogauss magnet used to sweep out electrons { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Neutron spectroscopy has detected hydrogen and thereby water on the Moon. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following may be characteristic of hydrogen deficiency in stars? + may have been consumed by nucleosynthesis + star formation in a cloud deficient in hydrogen - may point away from a stellar association + may have been formed by white dwarf mergers + may have had transfer of helium from the secondary to the primary + a possible massive convective event
 * type="[]"}

{The extent of the Hα absorption trough along the major axes of quenched spirals is what? + more truncated than the distribution of the Hα emission line for H I deficient galaxies - contributed to by the new stellar population - less truncated than the distribution of the Hα emission line for H I deficient galaxies - due to the quenching - disks building up from the outside in
 * type=""}

{True or False, A small amount of aluminum-26 is produced by collisions of magnesium atoms with cosmic-ray protons. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the gaseous-object Neptune? - Voyager 2 + blue rays + clouds - neutron emission - polar coronal holes + meteor emission - rotation
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Gamma rays - G Superluminals - H X-ray jets { C (i) } the index of refraction is often greater than 1 just below a resonance frequency { H (i) }. iron, nickel, cobalt, and traces of iridium { A (i) }. Sagittarius X-1 { G (i) }. escape from a typical hard low-mass X-ray binary { F (i) }. collisions with argon atoms { B (i) }. X-rays are emitted as they slow down { E (i) }. Henry Moseley using X-ray spectra { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Cosmic rays with energies over the { threshold (i) } energy of 5 x 1019 { eV (i) } interact with { cosmic microwave background (i) } photons to produce { pions (i) } via the $$\Delta$$ resonance.
 * type="{}"}

{As an analysis method NRA may be associated with which phenomena? + a concentration vs. depth distribution - charged particles in large clouds + target elements may undergo a nuclear reaction - projectile stopping power is unknown - proton elastic scattering + a nuclear method in materials science
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a theory? - catching a beam + one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled - it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard
 * type=""}

{On what date was GRB 970228 discovered? - August 22, 1997 + February 28, 1997 - September 7, 2002.28 - 1982 the 20th between July and September - 2009 July 22nd and 8 hours - February 14, 2014
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with Saturn? + X-radiation concentrated near equator + reflection of solar X-rays - aurora + stronger than expected reflected solar X-rays - X-rays from rings - diffuse X-ray background + soft X-ray emission + fluorescence of solar X-rays
 * type="[]"}

{Neutrinos detected from the solar octant may be from nucleosynthesis within the coronal cloud in the near vicinity of the Sun or perhaps from nucleosynthesis occurring within what theoretical interior structure of the Sun? { the core|core (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the star pattern with the likely constellation: - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T Volans { L (i) }. Cassiopeia { Q (i) }. Pegasus { T (i) }. Orion { N (i) }. Crux { R (i) }. Ursa Major { O (i) }. Phoenix { S (i) }. Draco { P (i) }. Eridanus { M (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Aluminum-26 is generally distributed out of the plane of the Milky Way. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are involved in the weak force? - a core which emits neutrinos + Fermi's β-decay theory - 26Al - undetectable with balloon-borne detectors + Gamow-Teller interactions - steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission - observed with delta-rays in 1731 + M. Fierz
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, A relativistic neutron may fly a megaparsec rather than undergo decay after about 14 minutes because its half-life may grow with energy. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following radiation astronomy phenomena are associated with the rocky object Mercury? + apparent impact craters - an excess brightness at or near the edge - the iron XIV line + neutron emission - polar coronal holes + meteor emission - changes in the line-blanketing
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Balloons - A Sounding rockets - B Aircraft assisted launches - C Orbital rocketry - D Shuttle payload - E Heliocentric rocketry - F Exploratory rocketry - G Lunar rover - H Ranger 5 { F (i) } microcalorimeter arrays { B (i) }. MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy { A (i) }. Lunokhod 2 { H (i) }. ALEXIS { C (i) }. Ulysses { G (i) }. Broad Band X-Ray Telescope { E (i) }. Solar Heliospheric Observatory { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Ranger 2 carried instruments that detected the X-ray background. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Ashen light is involved in which of the following? + earthshine - glow of the bright part of the lunar disk + light from different parts of Earth are mixed together + mimics the Earth as a single dot - neutron astronomy - X-ray astronomy
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Whether the thermal IGM is { collisional (i) } or collisionless at scales smaller than the { Coulomb (i) } scale depends on the effect of reduced { mean free path (i) } that is mediated by the plasma { instabilities (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? + a core which emits neutrinos - a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes + gravity + the barycenter for the solar system - polar coronal holes - coronal clouds + its position
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the star with the constellation: Capella - A Sirius - B Deneb - C Anser - D Altair - E Vega - F Vulpecula { D (i) }. Canis Major { B (i) }. Lyra { F (i) }. Cygnus { C (i) }. Aquila { E (i) } Auriga { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are theoretical X-ray astronomy phenomena associated with astrophysics? + a thermal plasma mechanism + idea of a close binary + synchrotron radiation + high-density wind extinction - a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum - super soft X-rays - hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
 * type="[]"}

{The strong force is involved in which of the following phenomena? + s-waves + the sum of the spins - neutrinos + Pauli's exclusion principle + deuterium - radio waves
 * type="[]"}

{Observations of Io have benefited greatly from what phenomenon? - a dense, opaque atmosphere - lightning - extensive meteorite cratering - a flattening out - liquid hydrocarbon lakes + the reflected light of allotropes and compounds of sulfur
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are phenomena associated with strong forces in the IGM? + stochastic acceleration + hottest clusters + scaling of the acceleration efficiency with IGM temperature - collisionless IGM - placid magnetic compressions + the smaller the mean free path - cold regions - least effective for inducing the instability
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: superluminals - A radios - B radars - C microwaves - D submillimeters - E infrareds - F reds - G oranges - H deuterium enrichment of cometary water { F (i) } interstellar-comet connection { B (i) }. a macroscopic superstring { A (i) }. force of life { H (i) }. rings of Saturn { C (i) }. volcanic activity throughout Vesta { G (i) }. a silicon composite bolometer fed by a Winston cone { E (i) }. present-day fluctuations an order of magnitude larger { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Cancer is said to have been the place for the Akkadian Sun of the South. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not an astronomical X-ray source? - Io - Comet Lulin - the Moon + Carina X-1 - Centaurus X-2 - EZ Aquarii
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena associated with an entity? + discovers an X-ray source in Scorpius + a control group + synchrotron radiation - intergalactic medium - a polar diameter + super soft X-rays - hot active regions - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
 * type="[]"}

{In which of the following constellations does the ecliptic and the Galaxy or the galactic plane occur? + Sagittarius + Ophiuchus - Aries - Ursa Minor + Scorpius or Scorpio - Draco + Taurus
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, The NRL and NASA established another rocket launching facility outside Natal, Brazil to detect X-ray sources in the southern hemisphere. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the observatory facility with the observatory: Ondrejov Observatory - A Okayama Astrophysical Observatory - B Orbiting Astronomical Observatory - C Metsähovi Radio Observatory - D Tortugas Mountain Planetary Observatory - E Pierre Auger Observatory - F { D (i) }. { A (i) }. { F (i) }. { C (i) }. { E (i) } { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: To "narrow" can mean to { cause (i) } the spatial { cross section (i) } of the beam to become { smaller (i) } limit.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Due to the limited shielding provided by its relatively weak magnetic dipole moment, the surface of Mercury is everywhere subject to bombardment by cosmic rays. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not in the history of neutrino astronomy? - Enrico Fermi coined the term "neutrino" + Wolfgang Pauli postulated the muon neutrino - in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment, antineutrinos are created - a hydrogen bubble chamber was used to detect neutrinos - Niels Bohr was opposed to the neutrino interpretation of beta decay - a neutrino hitting a proton is detectable
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are { pointlike|point-like (i) }, nonnuclear X-ray sources with { luminosities (i) } above the { Eddington (i) } limit.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following phenomena are associated with Venus? + separate stars, Phosphorus, the morning star, and Hesperus, the evening star - locally available carving tools + the ionosphere was observed to become elongated downstream, rather like a long-tailed comet, during a rare period of very low density solar outflow + Lucifer, literally "Light-Bringer", and Vesper - currently dormant volcanoes only on the Sun-facing side - a breathable atmosphere
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the distance-time phenomena with the image: line of sight - A an origin - B a displacement - C one billion light years - D measuring - E acceleration - F { D (i) }. { A (i) }. { F (i) }. { C (i) }. { E (i) } { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are characteristic of a β+ decay? - a mu neutrino + a positron emission - a decay product of a neutron + weak interaction + an electron neutrino - comes in mutable varieties
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a control group? - catching a beam + one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled - it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the celestial octant with the constellation: NQ1 - A NQ2 - B NQ3 - C NQ4 - D SQ1 - E SQ2 - F SQ3 - G SQ4 - H Musca { G (i) }. Sagitta { D (i) }. Lynx { B (i) }. Pyxis { F (i) }. Piscis Austrinus { H (i) }. Corona Borealis { C (i) }. Pictor { E (i) }. Taurus { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of the X-ray continuum? + Bragg peaks - may arise from an X-ray jet - may arise from the coronal cloud of an accretion disc - a power-law spectrum - a thermal emission at the lowest energies
 * type=""}

{Pick the characteristics of gamma-ray burst. - a strong 2.223 MeV emission line + flashes of gamma rays + associated with extremely energetic explosions + most luminous events known + can last from ten milliseconds to several minutes + followed by a longer-lived "afterglow"
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following may be true for the first orange source in the constellation Cancer? + Cancer is along the zodiac so the Sun is a candidate + Jupiter + Uranus under special viewing conditions - intergalactic medium + Titan + beta Cancri + delta Cancri + 60 Cancri
 * type="[]"}

{The Sun is a natural X-ray source because X-rays originate from what astronomical X-ray source? + a coronal cloud about the Sun - the diffuse X-ray background - sunspots - the photosphere - nucleosynthesis in the center of the Sun - lightning
 * type=""}

{ANTARES is the name of a neutrino detector designed to be used as a directional Neutrino Telescope residing under the { Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Hydrogen - H, or D Helium - He Lithium - Li Beryllium - Be Boron - B Carbon - C Nitrogen - N Oxygen - O Fluorine - F Neon - Ne consumed in chromosphere fusion to produce lithium and neutrinos { Be (i) }. isotope fusion in the chromosphere producing neutrinos { He (i) } fusion in the chromosphere producing the most neutrinos { H|D (i) }. a factor of ~200 below meteorite abundance in the Sun's photosphere { Li (i) }. detected with X-rays on the Moon { O (i) }. an organic form detected in Allan Hills 84001 probably from Mars { C (i) }. detected marginally on Venus with Chandra { N (i) }. found in the X-ray spectra of comets { Ne (i) }. consumed to produce beryllium and neutrinos { B (i) }. a surface impurity on meteorites { F (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The bottom of a sunspot ~400 km deep is cooler than the bottom of the photosphere. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: X-ray emission dividing lines may be explained by changes in a { magnetic (i) } field { structure (i) } to that of an { open (i) } topology, leading to a decrease of magnetically confined { plasma (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Chemistry phenomena associated with astronomy are - at least three-quarters of the human genome + molecules + atmospheres - pressure + ions + plastic
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: X-ray burster - A gamma-ray burster - B X-ray pulsar - C SFXT - D soft X-ray transient - E diffuse X-ray background - F power law afterglow { B (i) } magnetized neutron star { C (i) }. absorbed by neutral hydrogen { F (i) }. Aquila X-1 { E (i) }. Factor of 10 or greater luminosity increase { A (i) }. thermal bremsstrahlung { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{The MINOS experiment uses Fermilab's NuMI beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos, that travels 455 miles (732 km) through the Earth to the? { Soudan Mine|Soudan mine (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of X-rays associated with atomic number? - emission lines + X-ray continuum - unique atomic structure - creating an electron hole - discrete energy levels
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: A well-known black hole (or black hole candidate) and galactic X-ray source in the constellation Cygnus is { Cygnus X-1 | Cyg X-1 (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the cosmogonic possibilities below: interior models of the giant planets - A high interest for cosmogony, geophysics and nuclear physics - B hierarchical accumulation - C clouds and globular clusters - D cosmic helium abundance - E deuterium fusion - F a large deficiency of light elements - G after galactic sized systems had collapsed - H the motions of hydrogen { D (i) } fornation of luminous quasars { H (i) }. stars with an initial mass less than the solar mass { G (i) }. rotating liquid drops { B|F (i) }. primordial is less than 26 per cent { E (i) }. a solar mixture of elements dominated by hydrogen and helium gas { A (i) }. around 13 Jupiter masses { F (i) }. smaller rocky objects { C (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are phenomena associated with electromagnetic cascades? + spectral and timing properties of astronomical sources + very high-energy γ-rays + the way from the source to the Earth - soft X-rays - redshifts + ambient radiation fields inside the γ-ray source - source stability - protons
 * type="[]"}

{The relative abundances of solar cosmic rays reflect those of the solar { photosphere (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Moon - A Eros - B Io - C Ganymede - D Europa - E Titan - F X-ray producing electric arc, current spots { C (i) } reflecting solar X-rays { A (i) }. soft X-ray emission { C|E (i) }. possible soft X-ray emission { D (i) }. synchrotron X-ray diffraction of methane hydrate up to 10GPa { F (i) }. ordinary chondrite composition { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a star? + possible orbits + a hyperbolic orbit + nuclear fusion at its core + nuclear fusion in its chromosphere + near the barycenter of its planetary system + accretion + electric arcs - impact craters - radar signature
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Both { fusion|fusion- (i) } and { accretion|accretion- (i) } powered cataclysmic { variables (i) } have been observed to be X-ray sources.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with a superluminal? + loops and rings in the X-ray emitting gas + an X-ray source + synchrotron radiation + Cherenkov radiation - signals with a velocity above c + super soft X-rays + hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - starspots
 * type="[]"}

{When the Earth is viewed from space using X-ray astronomy what characteristic is readily observed? - the magnetic north pole - the Hudson Bay meteorite crater - the South Atlantic Anomaly - the Bermuda Triangle - solar positron events + electrons striking the ionosphere
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with the Sun? + coronal cloud + hot regions of 8–20 x 106 K - fluorescence of Jovian X-rays - lightning - X-rays from rings - collisions with the Jovian wind + soft X-ray emission + hard X-ray emission
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, Interstellar scintillation is fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of radio waves caused by scattering in the interstellar medium. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the coordinate system letter with each of the possibilities below: triclinic coordinate system - A monoclinic coordinate system - B orthorhombic coordinate system - C tetragonal coordinate system - D rhombohedral coordinate system - E hexagonal coordinate system - F { C (i) }. { F (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }. { A (i) }. { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Aluminum-26 decays by either beta-plus or electron capture. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with the Moon? + scattering of solar X-rays + reflection of solar X-rays + fluorescence of solar X-rays - lightning - X-rays from rings + collisions with solar wind + soft X-ray emission
 * type="[]"}

{Phenomena associated with the Milky Way are? + spiral arms - a spheroidal shape + a standard to differentiate dwarf galaxies + often referred to as the Galaxy + arms of younger stars + contains star clusters + dust lanes + extended red emission (ERE) + a faint galaxy heavy with dark matter may orbit it - larger than the Andromeda galaxy
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena associated with an entity? + a thermal plasma mechanism + a close binary + synchrotron radiation + high-density wind extinction - a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum + super soft X-rays + hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
 * type="[]"}

{Sputnik I was involved in which of the following astronomies? - red astronomy - stellar astronomy - neutrino astronomy + radio astronomy - neutron astronomy - X-ray astronomy
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the apparent liquid-object Earth? + rain + snow + hail + neutron emission - polar coronal holes + meteor emission - rotation
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the type of source with each of the possibilities below: a source - A a source or apparent source detected or created at or near the time of the event or events - B a source or apparent source that transforms or transduces anything originating from a primary source - C a source or apparent source that selects (such as through selective absorption), distills, scatters, or reflects anything from a primary or secondary source - D the point of origin of a ray, beam, or stream of small cross section traveling in a line - E a natural source in the sky especially at night - F a tertiary source { D (i) }. a primary source { B (i) }. an astronomical source { F (i) }. a secondary source { C (i) }. a radiation source { E (i) } an entity from which something comes or is acquired { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Background radiation may simply be any radiation that is? { pervasive (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with Venus? - scattering of solar X-rays - reflection of solar X-rays + fluorescence of solar X-rays + lightning - X-rays from rings - diffuse X-ray background + soft X-ray emission
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, An entity in X-ray astronomy is either an X-ray source or an X-ray object. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of an entity in X-ray astronomy? - a theory for any natural X-ray source - X-ray generation - X-ray reflection + an analytical constant - a common or ancient name
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with Mercury? - lightning + surface composition - electrons striking the ionosphere - a geocorona + minerals high in magnesium + surface sulfur enrichment - diffuse X-ray background + low-oxygen conditions
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the radiation object with the likely source: - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T a Craters of the Moon volcano { L (i) }. violet image of Venus { Q (i) }. active galactic nuclear region of NGC 5728 { T (i) }. cosmic-ray bombardment of the Moon's surface { N (i) }. blue lights from Io { R (i) }. neutrino profile of the solar octant { O (i) }. planetary nebula NGC 7048 { S (i) }. ultraviolet image of the Earth { P (i) }. a neutron star in a binary system { M (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are cold dark matter gamma rays? + expected signal comparable to background + annihilation radiation - a pronounced cosmic-ray halo + difficult to separate from a dark halo + dwarf spheroidals - weakly interacting massless particles
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: A neutron star is a type of { stellar remnant|remnant|compact star (i) } that can result from the { gravitational collapse|collapse (i) } of a { massive star|star (i) } during a { Type II, Type Ib or Type Ic|Type II|Type Ib|Type Ic (i) } supernova event.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a sky? - catching a beam + a stream of charged or neutral particles - it may appear as a dome over the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard
 * type=""}

{A method used to count the number of X-rays of a specific wavelength diffracted by a crystal? { wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy|WDS (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Electromagnetic radiation emitted by decelerating charged particles? { bremsstrahlung radiation|bremsstrahlung (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: synchrotron X-rays - A power law - B inverse Compton - C thermal Bremsstrahlung - D black body - E cyclotron - F Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients { D (i) } Galactic diffuse emission { B (i) }. Crab nebula { A (i) }. continuum { C|D|E|A (i) }. accretion disk { E (i) }. strongly magnetized neutron stars { F (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are associated with electromagnetics? + angular momentum transfer + solar wind + protons + electrons - the baryon neutrino + charge neutralization
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following refer to an aspect of current cosmogonic models? - fragmentation of asteroids + accretion - Mars - Jupiter + transformation by accretion + kilometer-size objects - hyperbolic comets - asteroid belt + bodies comparable in size to the Earth
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Diamond nanocrystals (size 100 nm) emit bright { luminescence (i) } at 600–800 nm when exposed to green and yellow photons. The photoluminescence, arising from excitation of the { nitrogen-vacancy|nitrogen vacancy (i) } defect centers created by proton-beam { irradiation (i) } and thermal annealing, closely resembles the extended red emission (ERE) bands observed in reflection nebulae and { planetary (i) } nebulae. The central wavelength of the emission is 700 nm.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: An average neutron { flux (i) } is in neutrons cm-2 s-1 sr-1.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is characteristic of the scattered disc + a distant region of the solar system + the dwarf planet Eris + orbital eccentricites ranging up to 0.8 - inclinations as high as 50° + perihelia greater than 30 AU + Dysnomia
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the theoretical astronomy idea with each of the possibilities below: astronomical object - A astronomical source - B astronomical entity - C star - D interstellar medium - E material - F natural luminous body visible in the sky { D (i) }. naturally from which something comes { B (i) }. matter which may be shaped or manipulated { F (i) }. an independent, separate, or self-contained existence { C (i) }. the matter that exists in the space between the star systems { E (i) } naturally in the sky especially at night { A (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{The incident beam may excite an electron in an inner shell, ejecting it from the shell while creating an? { electron hole (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: An electric dipole { moment (i) } may be in units of Coulomb meters.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with Mars? - scattering of solar X-rays - reflection of solar X-rays + fluorescence of solar X-rays + lightning - X-rays from rings + collisions with solar wind + soft X-ray emission
 * type="[]"}

{What is a pfu? - a measure of neutron half-life suggested by Enrico Fermi + a particle flux + a unit per steradian (sr) - the number of bubbles generated in a hydrogen bubble chamber used to detect neutrinos - Niels Bohr was opposed to the pfu interpretation of beta decay - a measure of the scatter energy of a neutrino hitting a proton
 * type="[]"}

{The number and energy of the X-rays emitted from a specimen can be measured by an? { energy-dispersive spectrometer|EDS|energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are cosmogonical phenomenon associated with the Sun, or solar system? + watery abyss + aphrodite + Hermeneutes - cold dark matter + Heracles - unseen mass + Silver age
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the first astronomical source possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Gamma rays - G Superluminals - H cosmic rays { C|D (i) } galactic nuclei { H (i) }. comets { A (i) }. electron-positron annihilation { G (i) }. weak force nuclear decay { F (i) }. AGNs { B (i) }. 511 keV photon pair production { E (i) }. solar wind { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: E0 - A E1 - B E2 - C E3 - D E4 - E E5 - F E6 - G E7 - H { D (i) }. { C (i) }. { H (i) }. { A (i) }. { G (i) }. { F (i) }. { B (i) }. { E (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: With the modulation collimator, the amplitude ( { intensity (i) } ) of the incoming { X-rays (i) } is reduced by the presence of { two or more (i) } diffraction gratings of { parallel wires (i) } that block or greatly reduce that portion of the { signal (i) } incident upon the wires.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, An error circle on the celestial sphere about a detected X-ray source is an X-ray object. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which phenomenon are associated with cold dark matter? + unseen mass - a bubble in space + range of masses of galaxies - hot neutrinos + Einstein-de-Sitter 'flat' universe + the cosmological density parameter Ω
 * type="[]"}

{The cosmic infrared background (CIB) causes a significant attenuation for very high energy protons through inverse Compton scattering, photopion and electron-positron pair production. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the letter of the spherical object with each of the possibilities below: Sun - A Mercury - B Venus - C Earth - D Moon - E Mars - F Ceres - G Jupiter - H Callisto - I Europa - J Ganymede - K Io - L Enceladus - M Titan - N Uranus - O Titania - P Neptune - Q Triton - R Pluto - S { M (i) }. { R (i) }. { L (i) }. { H (i) }. { G (i) }. { J (i) }. { P (i) }. { S (i) }. { D (i) }. { O (i) }. { E (i) }. { I (i) }. { K (i) }. { Q (i) }. { N (i) }. { A (i) }. { F (i) }. { C (i) }. { B (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, Inverse Compton scattering allows low energy electromagnetic radiation to become high energy electromagnetic radiation. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Crab Nebula? - a core which emits neutrinos + low-energy X-rays detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory - 26Al - undetectable with balloon-borne detectors + hard X-rays + steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission - observed with X-rays in 1731 + Taurus X-1
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: The { delta-ray|delta ray (i) } tracks in emulsion chambers have been used for { direct (i) } measurements of { cosmic-ray|cosmic ray (i) } nuclei above { 1 TeV/nucleon (i) } in a series of balloon-borne experiments.
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the imaging system letter with the image possibilities below: Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (EGRET) - A XMM Newton - B Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope - C Lunar Orbiter Gamma-Ray Spectrometer - D BATSE - E Mars Odyssey GRS - F GLAST - G Swift (X-ray/Gamma-ray mission) - H { F (i) } { B (i) }. { A (i) }. { H (i) }. { C (i) }. { G (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of an entity in X-ray astronomy? - a theory for any natural X-ray source + produces refereed journal articles on the CGB - X-ray generation - X-ray reflection - a common or ancient name
 * type=""}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of SFXTs? - short outbursts + well fitted with a thermal synchrotron spectrum - OB supergiants - X-ray binaries - a growing number of transients
 * type=""}

{Random fluctuations in the intensity of radio waves of celestial origin, on a timescale of a few seconds is referred to as interplanetary? { scintillation (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Ordinary glass is partially { transparent (i) } to UVA but is { opaque (i) } to shorter wavelengths, whereas silica or { quartz (i) } glass, depending on quality, can be { transparent (i) } even to vacuum UV wavelengths.
 * type="{}"}

{ Which of the following are associated with the image at right? + the blue object represents a plano-convex lens - the blue object represents a plano-concave lens + a simple optical system - a focal length D + an objective lens + an aperture
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: In most photography and all { telescopy (i) }, where the subject is essentially { infinitely (i) } far away, longer focal length ( { lower (i) } optical power) leads to higher { magnification (i) } and a narrower angle of view.
 * type="{}"}

{In a plano-convex lens the second radius of curvature is? { infinite (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{ In the image at right of decreasing aperture sizes, each aperture has how much light gathering area of the previous one? { half (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The radius of the proton is 4 percent smaller than previously estimated. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: The spectral region bounded on the long wavelength side by the atmospheric { ozone (i) } absorption and on the short wavelength side by the photoionization of interstellar { hydrogen (i) } is the ultraviolet.
 * type="{}"}

{ In the image at right, at what f-number is the lens aperture system set at? { f/11 (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{A device that narrows a beam of particles or waves is a? { collimator (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Complete the text: Match up the object viewed in the ultraviolet with its image: Sun's chromosphere- L calcite - M Venus - N Jupiter's aurora - O Jupiter - P Io - Q Saturn - R Betelgeuse - S Mira - T LAB-1 - U Messier 101 - V { L (i) }. { Q (i) }. { T (i) }. { N (i) }. { R (i) }. { O (i) }. { U (i) } { S (i) }. { P (i) }. { M (i) }. { V (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following radiation phenomena are associated with the ultraviolet? + He II lines + B I line + Be II lines + carbon III line - Hβ emission + oxygen O I lines
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Match up the description with each of the optical astronomy possibilities below: Palomar's 5 m - L adaptive optics poc - M AO actuators - N Mars Global Surveyor - O star-forming regio - P Warner & Swasey - Q protoplanetary nebula - R SkyMapper - S Mauna Kea - T full-color of Mercury - U Hubble Space Telescope of carbon star - V supernova remnant - W HESS - X line of sight - Y { L (i) }. { V (i) }. { Q (i) }. { T (i) }. { Y (i) }. { N (i) }. { U (i) }. { R (i) }. { X (i) }. { O (i) }. { S (i) }. { P (i) }. { W (i) }. { M (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, The Russian Okno system is an optoelectronic, manually operated system for monitoring and surveillance of space objects integrated to the KRONA system of space recognition. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{The slowing down of a projectile proton due to the inelastic collisions between bound electrons in the medium and the proton moving through it? { electronic stopping power (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{True or False, An antiproton is a proton moving backward in time. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: The interstellar medium is the gas and { cosmic (i) } dust that pervade { interstellar (i) } space and is the matter that exists between the { stars|star systems (i) } within a { galaxy (i) }. It blends smoothly into the surrounding { intergalactic (i) } medium.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a meteor in X-ray astronomy? - a detection of iron or nickel - determination of quantitative proportions - X-ray reflection - X-ray scattering + a meteorite impact site
 * type=""}

{True or False, To fall into the class of intermediate X-ray binaries, the X-ray source must be intermediate in luminosity. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: An aerometeor is a { discrete (i) } unit of air traveling or { falling (i) } through an atmosphere.
 * type="{}"}

{The use of the principle of line of sight allows what phenomenon to be determined? + the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun - the planet Mercury is nearer to the Earth than Venus - any cumulus cloud overhead follows the Sun across the sky - the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is in the plane of the galaxy - the surface of the photosphere of the Sun is hotter than the surface of Mars - lightning always precedes rain
 * type=""}

{True or False, The surface of the Sun is a known source of neutrons. - TRUE + FALSE
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Lens-shaped { crystals|crystal (i) } have long been known from { Bronze (i) } Age contexts.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following may be true regarding the interacting galaxies of UGC 9618? + the pair of galaxies appear to be interacting rather than a mere galaxy double + a lack of luminous sources at any wavelength in the interaction volume + asymmetry is approximately centered on the interaction volume + a common origin originally between them + the large X-ray output surrounding primarily the more central portion of the edge-on galaxy suggests a very high temperature galactic coronal cloud + the infrared portion of the composite image with ultraviolet strongly suggests that the edge-on galaxy is much cooler in general than the face-on galaxy + orange and yellow astronomy reveal that the edge-on galaxy may be composed of older or cooler stars - VV340A appears to be more than 33 % involved in the interaction
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: An astronomical X-ray source catalog is a list or { table|tabulation (i) } of astronomical { objects|sources|entities (i) } that are X-ray { sources (i) }, typically grouped together because they share a common { type (i) }, morphology, { origin (i) }, means of detection, or method of { discovery (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Ulysses spacecraft? + hard X-ray detectors + CsI(Tl) scintillators + soft X-ray detectors - windowless soft X-ray detectors + detected soft X-ray emission inside two solar radii over the poles + higher energy X-rays detected with a maximum at about five solar radii over the poles - observed X-rays in the 1980s - discovered Circinus X-1
 * type="[]"}

{True or False, The energy that occupies the same volume as the interstellar medium in the form of electromagnetic radiation is the interstellar radiation field. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{True or False, If the energy of the incoming electrons is 700 MeV and the flux is 8.48 x 104 e- cm-2 s-1, then the interstellar electron influx is sufficient to heat the photosphere to its effective temperature and heat the coronal clouds to at least a few MK. + TRUE - FALSE
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are characteristic of interstellar extinction? + redder color indices - closer stars more affected + color excess + observed color index minus intrinsic color index - red shift - blue shift
 * type="[]"}

{Of the discovery of the first extrasolar X-ray source, the instrumentation had been designed for an attempt to observe X-rays from the { moon (i) }
 * type="{}"}

{Which types of radiation astronomy directly observe the rocky-object surface of Venus? - meteor astronomy - cosmic-ray astronomy - neutron astronomy - proton astronomy - beta-ray astronomy - neutrino astronomy - gamma-ray astronomy - X-ray astronomy - ultraviolet astronomy - visual astronomy - infrared astronomy - submillimeter astronomy + radio astronomy + radar astronomy + microwave astronomy - superluminal astronomy
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following is not characteristic of a neutrino? - neutrinos are affected by the weak nuclear force + produced by a positron annihilating an electron - a decay product of a neutron - produced by the near surface fusion on the Sun - may have a mass - comes in mutable varieties
 * type=""}

{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Einstein ring - A stellar nebula - B Andromeda galaxy - C Triplet galaxies interacting - D Hubble galaxies - E Dark matter halo simulation - F Fairall 9 (Seyfert galaxy in X-rays) - G Tycho Brahe observatory, remotely controlled telescope, captured galaxy - H { C (i) }. { H (i) }. { A (i) }. { G (i) }. { F (i) }. { B (i) }. { E (i) }. { D (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{What are some of the characteristics of Jovian electrons? + hard spectrum + Jovian electrons near Earth are on their way to the Sun + an energy power law + flux increases with 27 day periodicities - at 1 AU, flux decreases exhibit a short-term modulation of 13 minutes - come in mutable varieties
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Any of many { mathematical relationships (i) } in which something is related to something else by an equation of the form f(x) = a·xk is called a  { power law (i) }.
 * type="{}"}

{Space radiation may be classified according to origin as? + galactic cosmic radiation - charged particles in large clouds + solar particle radiation - interaction with the geo-electric field - protons and electrons + geomagnetically trapped particle radiation
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diffuse X-ray background? + a higher intensity than the CMB - isotropic X-ray flux - a wide range of energies - a general increase in intensity from the Galactic plane to the poles - a thermal emission at the lowest energies
 * type=""}

{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with comets? - lightning + solar wind + a sunward region - a geocorona - minerals high in magnesium - solar X-rays - diffuse X-ray background - low-oxygen conditions
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are associated with X-radiation? + spans three decades in wavelength + spans three decades in frequency + spans three decades in energy + emitted by 26Al + coronal clouds + 60 keV electromagnetic radiation + 90 eV electromagnetic radiation - visually dark source
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the plasma-object the Sun? + coronal clouds + H1- ions + X-rays + neutron emission + polar coronal holes + meteor emission - rotation
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are determined by the CRS aboard Voyager 1? + origin + acceleration process - neutrinos + life history + dynamic contribution + nucleosynthesis + behavior in the interplanetary medium - X-rays - ultraviolets - visuals - trapped particle environment + a steady rise in May 2012 of collisions with high energy particles above 70 MeV + a dramatic drop in collisions in late August
 * type="[]"}

Hypotheses

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