User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Empiricisms/Laboratory

This laboratory is an activity for you to create an empiricism to explain an astronomical situation.

Some suggested empirical entities to consider are space, time, spectrum, electromagnetic radiation, neutrinos, mass, time, Euclidean space, Non-Euclidean space, and spacetime.

More importantly, there are your empirical entities.

You may choose to define your empirical entities or use those already discussed in lectures.

Usually, research follows someone else's ideas of how to do something. But, in this laboratory you can create these too.

Okay, this is an astronomy empiricism laboratory, but you may create what an astronomy, an empiricism, or a laboratory is.

Yes, this laboratory is structured.

I will provide one example of an empiricism. The rest is up to you.

Questions, if any, are best placed on the discussion page.

Control groups
For creating an empiricism appropriate for your research effort of choice, what would make an acceptable control group?

Think about a control group to compare your empirical approach or your process of creating an empiricism to.

Empiricisms
Neutrinos are hard to detect. The Super-Kamiokande, or "Super-K" is a large-scale experiment constructed in an unused mine in Japan to detect and study neutrinos. The image at right required 500 days worth of data to produce the "neutrino image" of the Sun. The image is centered on the Sun's position. It covers a 90° x 90° octant of the sky (in right ascension and declination). The higher the brightness of the color, the larger is the neutrino flux.

Some experimental evidence indicates that reactions producing neutrinos are occurring above the photosphere of the Sun, or Sol.

The image at the right suggests that the neutrino data from Super-K contains orientation with some error, perhaps associated with right ascension and declination relative to that of the Sun when each neutrino was detected.

If the data in this image is properly centered on the Sun's position and in the plane of the ecliptic (laterally across the image), then the band-like structure of the data suggests a band-like origin for the neutrinos in the plane of the ecliptic.

The image in the above section is an octant (90° x 90°) of the celestial dome centered on the Sun's position. The image is approximately 50 mm x 50 mm and the central most intense region is about 6 mm in diameter. The hot central spot is about 10.8° in diameter. Depending on orbital distance of the detector from the Sun, the Sun's diameter is 31.6-32.7'. If the image is 90° on a side, then the actual disk of the Sun at 32' is 0.3 mm in diameter on the image. This is less than a pixel width at about 1 mm.

If the core of the Sun is 0.2 to 0.25 solar radii, it is only 0.2 to 0.25 of the diameter, or 0.075 mm on the image.

Two-four solar radii, or diameters, is a circle between 0.6 and 1.2 mm on the same image. Both the solar core and the coronal clouds are so small on this image, if it is over a solar octant, that it may not be statistically possible to differentiate the core from a shell around and over the Sun of 2-4 solar diameters.

One key piece of information is the apparent alignment of the detected neutrinos to the ecliptic which suggests that few if any neutrinos originate from the solar polar coronal holes, or the solar poles. Omnidirectional emission of neutrinos from the solar core should not produce this band-like appearance of the data.

The second figure at the right shows the data for a 94% correlation between neutrino detections and the solar cycle, with minima at the solar quiet periods. As nearly all sunspots are between high latitudes and the equator and not at the solar poles, this appears to correlate with the band-like accumulative signal.

Verifications
The photosphere of the Sun has an angular size of 31.6-32.7'.

Writings
Title

by line

Abstract

Introduction

Experiment

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Evaluations
To assess your empiricism, including your justification, analysis and discussion, I will provide such an assessment of my examples for comparison.

Evaluation

Hypotheses

 * 1) Each of the hypotheses entered under research is an empiricism.