User:R.Niruthia/sandbox

HUMAN MIGRATION IN INDIA
Migration is the movement of the people from place of origin to place of destination, it can be either permanent or temporary based on the reasons for the migration. Migration plays a very important role in redistributing the population of India. Census of India gives us information about migration in the country. In census of India migration is enumerated on two basis; 1)place of birth, is different from the place of enumeration(known as life-time migrant). 2)place of residence, if the place of last is different from the place of enemuration(known as migrant from last place of residence). Out of the total population of 1,028.6 million persons in India as at the 2001 Census, about 307 million (or 30%) were reported as migrants born outside the village/town of their enumeration. However, the figure was 314.5 million (31%).

STREAMS OF MIGRATION
Under internal migration there are four streams identified:(i) rural to rural(R-R); (ii) rural to urban(R-U); (iii) urban to urban(U-U); and (iv) urban to rural(U-R).The distribution of migrants by migration streams is generally associated with the degree of economic and social development. Population pressure on land,increased opportunities for work, education and a variety of reasons including marriage in case of females contribute to migration to a rural or urban area.

It may be important to note that in case of intra-state migrants majority of the migration is from one rural area to another, due to marriage in case of females and in search of work in case of males. For inter-state migrants, however, the flow is mainly towards urban areas.
 * source; census of India 2001

CAUSES OF MIGRATION
There could be variety of reasons behind migration of people from one place to another, that can be broadly classified as;

(i) PUSH FACTORS: these causes people to leave their place of residence or origin; (ii) PULL FACTORS: which attracts the people from different places.

Total migrants by last residence (0-9 yrs)…….. 98.3 million
 * source:Census of India

CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
There are both benefits and problems of migration, as people tend to move from places with low opportunities, lack of resources, lack of opportunities, lack of facilities to places of high opportunities, availability of resources, availability of opportunities, availability of facilities.Consequences can be observed in economic, social, cultural, political, and demographic terms.

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
BENEFITS; 1- remittance from international migrants are one of the major source of income. 2- can be helpful in growth of nation.

PROBLEMS; 1-overcrowding 2- development of slums around industrial regions.

DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES
1- redistributes the population. 2- causes growth of population in cities 3- change in age and sex composition of an area

SOCIAL AND CONSEQUENCES
1- migrants play the role of agents of social change and contribute new idea for development. 2- causes intermixing of people's culture in turn leading to widening of people's mental horizons. 3- creates a sense of dejection and vacuum. 4- motivates dejected people to fall in the trap of anti-social activities like crime and drug abuse.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
1- overcrowding exerts pressure on infrastructure. 2- over exploitation of resources. 3- depletion of ground water level. 4- disposal of sewage and management of solid waste.