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= What Intrinsic Motivational Factors Contribute to Anorexia Nervosa? =

= Overview = Most human behaviour is often pushed by a motivation which encourages a person to act, however eating disorders are one of the behaviours in which the motivation is unclear. Over 16% of the Australian population suffers from an eating disorder with adolescents taking a large amount of the percentage of those suffering ("Eating Disorders in Australia", 2018). Intrinsic motivations in particular are those which are driven by internal incentives rather than external rewards. In relation to anorexia, some internal motivators would be aspects such as fitting in, having higher perceived confidence and well-being, and an overall better life. These rewards however are led by the disorder to drive sufferers to seek weight loss, no matter the detriments to their health. Thus the disorder takes over most aspects of an individuals life in many negative ways. This page seeks to identify the intrinsic motivations behind the specific eating disorder of anorexia nervosa. The chapter will identify and examine the intrinsic motivators that lead to food avoidance behaviours in those with eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa.

= What is Anorexia Nervosa? = Anorexia nervosa is a mental illness characterised by fear of gaining weight, over-excersising, low caloric intake often accompanied by an abnormally low body weight ("Anorexia Nervosa » The Butterfly Foundation", 2018). Other eating disorders such as bulimia and BED (Binge-eating disorder) can be represented by their binge/purge tendencies and often extreme caloric intake, often followed by purging. Anorexia however can lead to severe malnourishment and quite often fatality along with a number of health implications. Causes for the disorder were unknown up until the second half of the 19th century, with most research about it being inconclusive or inadequate (Vandereycken, W. 2002). Since developing research and understanding more about the disorder, the diagnostic statistic manual for psychological disorders has also included more subtypes of eating disorders and also changed the diagnosis criteria for some disorders ("DSM-V DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR EATING DISORDERS", 2018)

There is no one type of disorder, meaning anorexia affects individuals in very personal and unique ways which are subject to cultural, social and environmental differences. One of the most common misconceptions about the development of anorexia is the notion that it is the individuals choice to engage in weight-loss promotion behaviour due to having a high amount of body fat or simply lacking self esteem, however there are no predictable causes for the disease nor is it a choice.

-Introduction to some of the intrinsic motivators/what intrinsic motivation refers to etc.

History
Eating disorders as a broad topic has become relatively more well-known and developed. Body image concerns and dieting on the other hand are aspects of culture which have been around for centuries in many varied forms. While the fundamental problem of low self-esteem and weight have remained stable, the motivation, social expectations and intensities have been what have fluctuated significantly.

- will do a more comprehensive overview of how eating disorders began and what they are like in todays society with comparisons of external and internal contributors that may have changed

Treatment and Prevention
The development of eating disorder treatment and therapies has grown rapidly in recent years as exposure to the illness has become more widespread in Western societies and media. Most treatment includes behavioural therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and/or group therapy to assist those with managing their feelings about themselves, food and all things related. Prevention however is more difficult in that there is no specific cause of what triggers or brings on an eating disorder or disordered behaviour.

Behaviour Modification Therapies
Most therapies regarding anorexia aim to modify or assist in diminishing behaviours such as food restriction, binge/purging and emphasis on body image. One of the most common methods used to assist these behaviours is CBT or cognitive behavioural therapy (Murphy, R., Straebler, S., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. 2010). CBT is seen as most effective with those who have anorexia as it focuses on two main things: cognition - being thoughts about weight and body image, and behaviour - various behaviours associated with eating disorders.

Prevention
As for anything dire, the most useful preventative action is educating ourselves and others about what is going on and what can be done. This is relevant with eating disorders and anorexia. This also branches further to social, family and community education about the disorder and how to identify it.

- will further talk about possible outcomes of prevention, risk factors and use of motivators in treating disordered eating.

= Intrinsic Motivation = Intrinsic motivation differs from extrinsic motivation in that there is no external incentive that drives the behaviour, but rather there is a desired feeling of personal gratification, growth or development. While extrinsic rewards may be material or desirable things such as verbal praise and money, intrinsic rewards are beliefs that an individual has which allow them to engage in tasks they enjoy or feel help their development as a person. The extrinsic motivators that a person suffering from an eating disorder would experience would most likely be a result of the environmental pressures to be thin and/or to conform to diet culture. Intrinsically, the case is much more complex, this being because the motivation comes solely from within the person's perceived idea of what rewards would come of engaging in eating disorder behaviours.

Drive Theory
Both Freud and Hull's drive theory was founded on the belief that a deficiency in a need, whether it be psychological or physiological, could become so uncomfortable to a person that they would have to do something to revert the need to a state of harmony (Weiner, B. 1996).

Self-Determination Theory
= References = Anorexia Nervosa » The Butterfly Foundation. (2018). Retrieved from https://thebutterflyfoundation.org.au/understand-eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa/

DSM-V DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR EATING DISORDERS. (2018). Retrieved from https://bodymatters.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/DSM_V_Diagnostic_Critera_for_Eating_Disorders.pdf

Eating Disorders in Australia. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/eating-disorders-explained/something/eating-disorders-in-australia/

Murphy, R., Straebler, S., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2010). Cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders. Psychiatric Clinics, 33(3), 611-627.

Vandereycken, W. (2002). History of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eating disorders and obesity: A comprehensive handbook, 2, 151-154.

Weiner, B. (1996). Human motivation: Metaphors, theories, and research. Sage.

= External Links = https://twitter.com/KentwellRuby

https://thebutterflyfoundation.org.au

Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation