User talk:Luzmael~enwikiversity/Sandbox

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Personal form & impersonal form
The Present Tense and the Continuous Tense have two forms : the personal form and the impersonal form.

These two forms allow to insist upon either the subject (impersonal form) or the complement, the attribute, the object (personal form).

For example :

The english sentence "I am wise" may be translated in two ways :


 * Me a zo fur (impersonal form) to insist upon the subject (Me). Since the subject already gives the notion of person, it is useless to give a personal form to the verb. Therefore the verb is invariant (here : a zo) and this form is called the impersonal form.


 * Fur ez on (personal form) to insist upon the attribute (Fur). Here the verb varies according to the person since the notion of person is not present otherwise.

Continuous Tense
The Continuous Tense is used for repetitive or continued actions.

If we take the same example :


 * Fur ez vezan means "I am usually wise".

When translating from Breton to English allow your native language instinct to sort out in which case the simple present (I speak Breton) or the present continuous (I am speaking Breton) is more appropriate and idiomatic.

Situation Tense
The Situation Tense is used to indicate the place (in space or time) where the subject is or, in a wider meaning, its position (social, etc.).

Example :


 * Er skol emaon means "I am at school".

Progressive Form
To create the progressive form, add the continuous particle o (H!). Careful it causes hard mutation: (H!) Hard Mutation Following letters are affected: B    becomes	P D    becomes	T G    becomes	K Here are some verbal nouns: kaozeal             speak/ing komz             chat/ting, speak/ing skrivañ              write/ing ober               work/ing chom               dwell/ing gwerzhañ             sell/ing mond                 go/ing kemer             take/ing degemer           receive/ing deskiñ               learn/ing kas;daveiñ              send/ing

Now all you need to do is put them together following this pattern: {present of bezañ} + {o (H!)} + {verbal noun}

ez on o kaozeal Brezhoneg. I speak Breton./I am speaking Breton. ez on o skriva ul lizer. You (sg.) write a letter./You are writing a letter. emañ eñ o teskiñ Kembraeg. He learns Welsh./He is learning Welsh.

Negations
Since you want to be able to make negative statements as well as ask questions, here’s what you need to do: Take the long present tense of bezañ (to be) and replace the particle ez with ne (or ned or n' before a vowel) and add ket after the verb in order to make a negative statement: The 3rd person singular in negative statements has two special verb forms:
 * ez on 		       I am
 * ned on ket 		I am not
 * or n'on ket
 * n'out ket 		you (sg.) are not


 * n'eus ket ...		there is not ...
 * n'eo ket ... 	       he (she) is not ...
 * ar c'hi n'eo ket ... 	the dog is not ...
 * ar vugale n'int ket ... the children are not ...

Now put the sentences together according to the template given above:
 * n'omp ket 	we are not
 * n'oc'h ket 	“you (pl.) are not
 * n'int ket 		they are not

N'on ket o komz Brezhoneg. I don’t speak Breton./I am not speaking Breton. N'out ket o skrivañ ul lizer. You (sg.) don’t write a letter./You are not writing a letter. N'eo ket o teskiñ Kembraeg. He does not learn Welsh./He is not learning Welsh. To formulate a question simply drop the negative particle nyns:

esof vy?		am I? esos jy? 		are you (sg.)? '''eus? '		is there?'' usy ev? 		is he? usy hi? 		is she? usy an ki? 	is the dog? usy an flehes? 	are the children? eson ni? 		are we? esowgh whi? 	are you (pl.)? usons i? 		are they?

Esov vy ow komz Brezhoneg? Do I speak Breton?/Am I speaking Breton? Esos jy ow skrivañ lezer? Do you write a letter?/Are you writing a letter? Usy ev ow tesky Kembrek? Does he learn Welsh?/ Is he learning Welsh? To ask a negative question use the question particle a before nyns: A nyns esov vy ow komz Brezhoneg? Don’t I speak Breton?/Am I not speaking Breton? A nyns esos jy ow skrivañ lezer? Don’t you write a letter?/Are you not writing a letter? A nyns usy ev ow tesky Kembrek? Doesn’t he learn Welsh?/ Is he not learning Welsh?

The Past Tense
To talk about something that happened in the past, you have several options, from which you can chose.

In a positive statement you can either use the simple past. The grammar books refer to this tense as the preterite. Most Breton verbs take the past tense ending -as, some take -ys while others are irregular and don’t conform to this pattern.

Take the verbal noun gweles see/ing. It is made up of its root gwel- and one of the many (unfortunately) verbal noun endings, here -es.

To form the 3rd person singular of gweles replace the verbal noun ending -es with the past ending -as.

vb.n.							  past gwel-es gwel- 	+ -as	  gwelas In a positive statement this is the only form you need. The structure is:

{subject (noun or pronoun)} + {relative particle a (S!)} + gwelas

The subject can be any noun, like singular ki dog, cath cat, maw boy, benyn woman, or it can be a plural noun like an flehes the children, an dus the people, or it can be a personal pronoun.

Here’s a list of the personal pronouns when they occur at the beginning of the sentence:

I	       my you (sg.)	ty; chy (Late Breton pronunciation) he         ev she		hi we		ni you (pl.)	whi they	i; ji or anji (Late Breton forms) Careful, the relative particle a causes soft mutation (S!). Soft Mutation: *P		becomes	  B *T		becomes	  D *C, K becomes  G *Qw	becomes	  Gw *B 	becomes	  V *D		becomes	  Dh *Gi, Gy, Ge becomes  i, y, e *Ga	becomes	  a *Go, Gu	becomes	  Wo, Wu *Gw	becomes	  W *Ch	becomes	  J *M		becomes	  V

So, I saw or I have seen can be expressed by: 		my a welas Here are the other forms:

my a welas		I saw, I have seen ty a welas		you (sg.) saw, you have seen ev a welas		he saw, he has seen Jowan a welas	       John saw, John has seen hi a welas		she saw, she has seen Maria a welas		Mary saw, Mary has seen an den a welas	       the man saw, the man has seen an venyn a welas	       the woman saw, the woman has seen ni a welas		we saw, we have seen whi a welas		you (pl.) saw, you have seen i a welas		       they saw, they have seen an flehes a welas	       the children saw, the children have seen Here are the verbal nouns mentioned above with their past tense forms:

kaozeal; kewsel 	speak/ing 		cowsas; kewsys	spoke komz		chat/ting, speak/ing komzs		spoke skrivañ 		write/ing		skrivañs		wrote ober 		work/ing		oberas		worked chom 		dwell/ing		choms		dwelt gwerzhañ 	       sell/ing		gwerzhañs		sold kemer	       take/ing		kemeras		took degemer 	receive/ing		degemeras		received desky 		learn/ing		deskys; deskas   learnt kas 		send/ing		kasas		sent the verb mond go/ing has an irregular past form:

mond 		go/ing			aet		went

Exercises/Ober
Now, you have seen how its done.

Take the verbs from Brezhoneg Daoù/Lesson 1 and write them down if you havent already.

Now change them into their Present tense.

Now into their past tense..

Now underneath, make some sentences up , for each verb. EG. Me a zesk kembraeg er skol (I learn welsh in school).

Now move on to Brezhoneg Daoù/Lesson 4