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Television in Nepal

Abstract Along with the radio, television has become the primary means for broadcast communication and entertainment. As such it calls for ethical and political assessment. What follows will thus focus on such assessments, noting a spectrum of views running from positive to negative in relation to both content and practice.

Background The word television, a hybrid compound of the Greek tele (distance) and the English vision, names a technological invention from the 1920s in which electromagnetic waves are used to control a beam of electrons scanning a cathode-ray tube so as to create an image. The initially distinctive feature of this technology was that, unlike motion pictures but like radio, it could be personalized for home or individual use. Over the course of more than half a century the electronics underwent continuous modification: Vacuum tubes were replaced with transistors and then integrated circuits; the black-and-white cathode-ray tube became colored and was then replaced by a high-definition, flat, liquid crystal display; and analog transmission was transformed to digital. The information transmitted thus became increasingly rich in a technical sense. We accept television as a part of our every day lives, just like breathing and sleeping; many of us cannot quite see our future without one, much less recall the lack of television even though it was only two decades ago. What did we do before television? No one really remembers. The history and evolution of television in Nepal and the Nepali TV channels is not of so long period. During the early 1980's, Nepal had no television channels of its own, with only foreign channels like Doordarshan, India. But randomly the following was established. 1.	[Nepal Television] 2.	[Image Channel] 3.	[Channel Nepal] 4.	[Kantipur Television] 5.	[NTV 2 Metro] 6.	[Avenues Television] 7.	[Sagarmatha Television]

Introduction Among these television channels Nepal television was the only one and the first Nepali television for about a decade. But after the reestablishment of democracy Nepal became the country with freedom of communication and all of the doors of obstacles for the communication development was open. Brief Discussion Nepal Television:[Link title] Nepal Television (NTV) started as a project in January 1985, under the sixth development plan 1980-1985. NTV was established with the Slogan “Communication for Development” with a broad mission statement “Produce and telecast programs on educational, religious and cultural conservation to promote national unity, conserve heritage and promote national interest. Provision was made "to undertake feasibility study of the establishment of television in the country, to begin TV transmission service at selected places if found feasible from economic and technical standpoint". It began its experimental transmission when it launches its first programmed on Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev's visit to Australia in 1985. The cost of television was very expensive and the director neither gets any help from the government sector. Also Television was expensive medium and required costly technical equipments. And for the first time the wave was sent the material through a satellite, and once it was received in Balambu, it was transmitted to community centers like Ratna Park, for Katmandu valley in a very modest manner with VHS equipment and in the UHF band. In those days, there were only about 400 TV sets, the majority of which were used basically for video purposes. Some of these receivers were also used for receiving Doordarshan signals (Indian TV program). In those days its audience was about 2000 people and a 100-watt transmitter was set to cover Katmandu Valley during its experimental transmission. Nepal television started broadcasting news and educational as well as entertainment programs regularly from 29th December 1985. At that time NTV lacked professional program production facilities and was using the VHS format producing and transmitting programs. It was Neer Shah, Durga Nath Sharma, Shyam Chitrakar and others who helped conceive and establish Nepal Television. It wasn't long before NTV worked on more plans and policies and merged with the government. The transmission period, originally half an hour, has increased to sixteen today. Nepal Television (NTV) is perhaps one of the youngest television stations in Asia. During the SAARC Summit in 1987, NTV acquired the professional U-matic high band for program production through its resources. A limited number of professionals editing system, studio equipment such as vision mixer, cameras were purchased from Japan. As the demand of program producers and news crew, NTV acquired some more editing system and cameras for electronic newsgatherings (ENG) as well as Electronic Field production (EFP) In Magh 2042, it became a full-fledged Corporation under the Communication Corporation Act 2028. Established as an electronic media, NTV is one of the most effective mass communication media of Nepal. Most of the people of the country live in remote areas and are illiterate, poor and away from modern communication. NTV is the only effective media to relay the message like Educational, Health, Agricultural, Sanitation, and Human rights etc. to those people. Information makes people conscious about development, health, human rights etc. It also helps to preserve and promote the country's culture. NTV has started its broadcasting via satellite from 20th Ashad 2058 (4th July 2001). After accessing to the satellite the signal of NTV is available outside Nepal in about fifty eight countries covering Europe and Middle East. The objective of satellite transmission is to upgrade the signal quality of existing terrestrial relay stations to have countrywide expansion and makes signal available outside the country as well. It is expensive and beyond capacity of average Nepalese citizen to receive the signal by setting the TVRO to each and every household. Hence, NTV have installed TV Transmitters with TVRO in Various parts of the country to access NTV signal by simple receiving system (Yagi antenna). Nepal Television started its regular transmission from 2042 Push 12. NTV is established as an electronic medium to enhance the country's socio-economic development; Nepal Television currently covers 42% of the country's population and-32% of the land area. At present NTV signal is up-linked from Sagarmatha Earth Station of Nepal Telecommunication Corporation (NTC). The signal is sent to the earth station through optical fiber link from the transmitting studio at Singh Durbar. NTV has operated its second channel (Metro), under Chinese grant. This project Consists of 5 KW transmitter with transmitting tower of 72 meters height and a studio complex inside Singh Durbar. Now NTV is a full member of the Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union whose headquarter is located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It obtained this membership in 1987. It is also an associate member of the Geneva based European Broadcasting Union. At last on 22 Jestha 2064 Minister of Communication and Information, Krishna Bahadur Mahara has done political appointments: Corporation and Rishi Raj Baral as chairman of the Nepal Television Corporation. This shows that although the government does not provide any help to the media for its establishment government always tries to use the media for their ease and on their favor. http://www.explorenepal.com/ntv/main.html http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/print.asp?parentid=20177 Image Metro[Link title] Born in 1995, as a program package on NTV, Image Metro grew to become the first private channel in Nepal. Since it is a private channel, people expected something different, and that was challenge. There was a lot of music, but it was restricted to news and current affairs at first. Later on it starts as Image Channel also gave way to Nepali music videos. It first started with its slogan Image informs, Image entertains, Image gives you television the way you want it, Image brings you the latest and the greatest - a comprehensive line-up of programs guaranteed to keep you watching and watching, Everything on Image Channel is selected, planned and produced with only one aim in mind - you, the viewer. From its starting it is now launching its programme 24 hrs a day. Also it forecasts news for 8 times in Nepali, 1 time in Newari and one time in English. Now a day it has become the multi language television. Also it forecast the creative cartoons and comedy shows, tasteful tale-serials, foot-tapping music videos, the latest fashion happenings and sports galore. At the present Image Channel used goes getting form watching the national network. . It had to keep on with trial operation for about five months as the people from the Ministry of Information and Communication refused to process its requests on the pretext that the file was sent to the Commission for the Investigation into the Abuse of Authority (CIAA), according to RK Manandhar, the president and MD of Image Channel (P) Ltd. which owns the Image Metro.

Channel Nepal[Link title] Channel Nepal is the first Nepali Satellite TV channel broadcasting from the Bangkok, which caters for viewers across Asia and the Pacific from 3rd July, 2001. Widely viewed all over Nepal, Channel Nepal is the most popular TV Channel in Nepali Diasporas across Asia, the Middle-East and Gulf countries, and the pacific region. Channel Nepal goes an air 18 hours a day with variety of programs. Channel Nepal is a Window on Nepal and Nepali Diasporas. In-depth reporting, incisive views, situational depiction and hard hitting analysis based on accuracy and fairness are the district features of news and current affairs on Channel Nepal, With 14 news bulletins (9 in Nepali and 5 in English). It is the latest offer of Space Time Network, which is committed to provide entertainment, information and knowledge programming (including current affairs and views from Nepal and the rest of the world) to the Nepalese living abroad. But now the Space Time Network has been closed. It is up linked from Nepal with digital, free to air signal transmitted via Thai COM satellite to extended regional 3E-band, Channel Nepal can be down linked to any destination within the satellite footprint in Asia and Pacific countries. Downlink can be worked oath with 10 feet dish antennae and digital satellite receiver. This television channel could be viewed from East Asia Zone – Japan, South East Asia Zone – Philippines, Indonesia, South Asian Zone – Maldives, Sri-Lanka, West Asian Zone - Saudi Arabia, Iran North Asian Zone – Russia, Mongolia. The satellite footprint covers 56 countries that fall within the perimeters of the countries mentioned above. Options are available to expand the coverage to Africa, Europe, Asia and Pacific Rim Countries. www.channelnepal.com.np Channel Nepal had to wait years before it could transmit its program from within the country. Though it had imported and installed all the equipment with proper government approval, the government refused to allow it to transmit its program from its station. Then the company had to move the court which finally decided in favor of the channel.

Kantipur TelevisionLink title

KTV was launched in 13th July 2003. It was at first only transmitted in Kathmandu but now it broadcast all over the nation. It transmit to the US, New Zealand and North Korea also. The toughest part in this sector is translating the visions and ideas into pictures according to the public's demand and desires. Each day is a struggle for it is a challenge in order to determine to win. Kantipur Television is the latest Corporate Diversification of Kantipur Media Group. It is planned as a largest private sector station in terms of investment among all the new stations being promoted in the country. Popularly known as KTV it is licensed to operate as a national level TV broadcaster in the terrestrial format. Equally interesting is the experience of Kantipur TV (KTV) in turning the license into actual operation of the business. Sources contacted in KTV blame the delay in the construction work and internal preparations for the delay in starting up the operation. They avoid mentioning the experience that the company had to undergo when CIAA was chased the company people for alleged manipulation in paying the license fee. Though the company people were eventually cleared of the charge, the cost of the ordeal in terms of time overrun and resultant cost overrun was significant. KTV is a non-exclusive channel with 40% news and current affairs and 60% general entertainment program mix. It is also an affiliate channel of CNN in Nepal. Currently KTV employs more than 300 TV professionals and is equipped with latest technology and updated production gadgetries. (www.ekantipur.com.np) It is a Television station with perfect blend of technology and trained, experienced Human Resources, Successful in achieving few milestones in a short span of time. Kantipur has deep seated belief in democracy and freedom of press for the positive change in society. It is committed to provide true picture of news and analytical reviews to the Nepalese society. Being the market leader the organization has the added responsibility to affirm professionalism in disseminating true information. Kantipur TV is a television network of Kantipur Publication of Nepal. This Publication House has a number of other notable publications such as The Katmandu Post, and City Post. Avenues Television ATV is a satellite television channel which has introduced itself as the first news channel of Nepal. It is an upcoming 24 hour Nepali news channel. It produces news program and current affairs programs. The Ad Avenues Nepal, a Nepali advertising agency holds the rights of this channel. It started test transmissions beginning the 3rd week of Ashbin 2064 although it has been to satellite on 2060. Moreover, its state-of-the-art audio-visual production facilities combined with competent professionals help in delivering cutting edge television advertisements for the clients. www.Nepalnews.com(Ref.)

[Sagarmatha Television] Sagarmatha Television, the first 'news channel' of the country was formally launched by 30th July 2007. Initially, Sagarmatha TV will run programmes for 18 hours a day and can be viewed from over 40 countries across the world. Sagarmatha television started its transmission with the slogan as "Sagarmatha television a television of the Nepalese in the true sense."

ObjectivesLink title

The overall objective of the study was to identify the development of televisions in Nepal. The following specific objectives were set for the study: 	To study the existing television channels in Nepal. 	To recognize the history of Nepali channels and the obstacles faced by it and for its existence in future.

In gistLink title Establishment of television in Nepal S. No. Channel	       Est. year	 Way of Transmission 1	NTV	       January 1985	 Terrestrial, Satellite 2	Image Channel	1995as metro	 Terrestrial, Satellite 6	Kantipur TV	13th July 2003	 Terrestrial, Satellite 4	Channel Nepal 	July 2001	 Satellite 5	NTV Metro 2	2001	        Terrestrial, Satellite 3	Sagarmatha TV 	2007	        Satellite 7	Avenues TV	Sept. 2007	 Satellite

Above data shows that there has been no significant industrial growth as the country is still reeling under unstable political conditions even after the end of the decade-long Maoist insurgency. The story of licensing TV channels in Nepal had taken bizarre turns till Kantipur and Image Metro went on air, the future of the channels was shrouded in uncertainty as may be recalled. However, the media industry, which in itself largely depends on other industries, is booming in Nepal. Newspapers and FM radio stations are already in their thousands and hundreds respectively in the country. Latest statistics show that now it is the television industry's turn and Nepali society is entering the television age with a vengeance. According to the Ministry of Information and Communications (MoIC), there are a dozen more satellite TV channels in the pipeline. Many of them are preparing to reach the within months. Six TV channels -- Nepal Television (NTV), NTV-2, Kantipur Television, Image, Channel Nepal, Avenues, and Sagarmatha -- are already in operation. Nepal 1, though not registered in Nepal, is one more channel run for Nepali audiences. Image Channel has bought the license of Shangri-La Satellite Television and has been using it for satellite transmissions. Almost all the TV channels in operation so far in the country are largely based on news and current affairs. A group of media and TV personalities including music director Shambhujit Baskota and film editor Narendra Khadka is preparing to launch NNTV (Namaste Nepali TV) within a couple of months. The channel will focus totally on entertainment, sports, idle-shows and talk-shows. "Main targets of this channel will be non-resident Nepalis (NRNs) and other Nepali communities spread over several countries," Khadka informed. It also has plans to establish collaboration with Indian or any other international channels. Similarly, a group of engineers has teamed up to launch Moonlight Television that will mainly focus its programs on development activities, according to Director of Model City and Technology Development, Krishna Prasad Sharma. Beginning with six hours at first, the channel will later run round the clock. Sanjay Adhikari of ABC TV, however, said, "Let us do something first before making publicity."

New Satellite Television Channels in Queue Newsline Pvt Ltd, Kathmandu, National TV Network, Kathmandu Uplink International, Kathmandu Everest TV Network, Kathmandu Bodhigram, Kathmandu SK TV, Lalitpur Nobel Broadcasting, Kathmandu Citizen TV, Kathmandu Moonlight TV, Kathmandu Tarai Media Network, Birgunj ABC TV, Kathmandu Namaste Nepali TV Network, Kathmandu

The Kathmandu Post,2008 February 28(ref.)

[Major Findings]

First phase after inaction of National Broadcasting Act, 2049 •	Cable Television services started, •	The forceful impact of foreign television channels •	Nepal television alone in competition with foreign channels •	No license is granted to private channels till 2001

Second phase after the establishment of other channels •	Kantipur and Image Channel got the license for television broadcasting (There were 7 applicants but only two got) •	Channel Nepal started its satellite broadcasting from the Bangkok when the application for license is turned down. •	Royal regime utilized Image channel, allowed transfer of license of 'Shangri-La' to satellite for popularizing so called achievements of royal regime •	Kantipur got the permission to go in satellite only after restoration of democracy by the verdict of the court •	Cases of Corruption in licensing of Kantipur and Channel Nepal •	Intention to control Television Channels •	The licensing procedure is never ever been open, transparent and free of political influence in Nepal. •	National Broadcasting Act has prohibited the transfer of license but the provision is overruled in practice •	Licensing with political interest •	The issue of foreign investment is not clear •	The issue of monopoly over means of media

[Conclusion] Since in Nepal for many years the political absurdity played the great role on the Nepalese economy which directly affects the media is now going to be restrained. So it is the golden opportunity for the development of any media of Nepal to make it recognizable in the whole world. Also there are the certain helps to be given by the government like as making ease on providing television channels and making strict rules and laws and timely observing the media house as the guardian of media house. Another risk is still there in the future of the Nepali television history as in the past the Shangri-La television was closed the other new channel may also close so the primary research should be done by every media house which should be observed by the government. Hence it is the responsibility of government to control the flood of television as of the radio from the early stage. There is also the need of understanding among the TV companies to not snatch away each other's existing human resource, especially the technical staff for running the companies fluently. Government should force all the cable operators to provide to their customers all the channels broadcast from Nepal. And last but not the least government should tie all the media houses by the constitution of Nepal so the media would realize its responsibilities for the Nation contribution. [Nepal Television] •      Should be developed as public media •	NTV to be brought under National Broadcasting Act •	NTV2 can be developed as a news channel •	Regional Transmission Center, Kohalpur should be developed as a independent regional channel [For other Channels] •	Authority should be independent, autonomous and governed by special Act •	The procedures for licensing should be different and transparent •	The provision regarding foreign investment should be clear •	Monopoly of investment in different media should be controlled •	Licenses should be revoked after 2 years if no broadcasting •	International Pay channels should be made taxable --Umesh 09:55, 7 August 2008 (UTC)--Umesh 09:55, 7 August 2008 (UTC)#REDIRECT good luck

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