Votian/External Locative Cases

External locative cases
The -l component of all the external locative cases has probably the same origin as the derivation  suffix of location nouns -la e.g. Karja-la ' Karelia '.
 * The suffixes of all the external locative cases are composed of different directional suffixes following an -l component, which indicates a location on something
 * 1) *-l + -na 'being in a certain situation' > -lla
 * 2) *-l + -n (or -hen, -sen, which could explain the gemination) 'towards' > -llen
 * 3) *-l + -ta 'away from' > -lta

Pronunciation
Pronunciation of the adessive  -lla  morpheme
 * 1) is generally
 * 2)  -llä, -ллa    ( depending in vowel harmony ) e.g. mei-llä ('by us'), mā-ллa  ('on the ground')
 * 3) the final vowel of this morpheme may be omitted depending in it's position in a sentence (especially in Jõgõperä dialect).
 * 4)  -ll, -лл     -l̄, -л̄    e.g. rǟguttī sūre-̮лл ̮ ǟle-llä ('somebody shouted loud'), nahka-īri päivä-l̄ ev ̮ ve̮i lennellä  ('a bat can not fly at daytime'), ke̮ikī лauлu-л̄   tuлtī  ('they all came singing')
 * 5) after a long vowel with primary stress the -l component may be degeminated
 * 6)  -l, -л    e.g. mei-l velli jäi kotō ('Our brother remained at home.'), tei-l sünnüp ̮ tütär  ('A daughter will be born to you.')

Pronunciation of the ablative  -lta  morpheme
 * 1) is generally
 * 2)  -ltä, -лta    ( depending in vowel harmony ) e.g. mei-ltä ('from us'), mā-лta  ('from the ground')
 * 3) the final vowel of this morpheme may be omitted depending in it's position in a sentence (especially in Jõgõperä dialect).
 * 4)  -lt, -лt    e.g. tä-lt tšüzüttī  ('She was asked'), e̮li vanaл-t naize̮-лta jǟnnü tütär  ('The ex-wife had left (him) a daughter.')

Pronunciation of the allative  -llen  morpheme  has dialectal and individual peculiarities, but generally:
 * 1) after a long or unstressed vowel the -l component is degeminated
 * 2)  -lē, -лē̮    ( depending in vowel harmony ) e.g. vȫ-lē ('on the waist'), naize̮-лē̮  ('to a woman'), se̮sarī-лē̮  ('to sisters')
 * 3) after a short vowel with primary or secondary stress the -l component is geminated
 * 4)  -llē, -ллē̮    e.g. tše-llē ('whom to'), tä-llē ('to her'), se̮sare̮-ллē̮  ('to the sister')
 * 5) In Luuditsa dialect and elsewhere the vowel of this morpheme may be shortened depending in it's position in a sentence (especially after personal pronouns).
 * 6)  -le, -лe̮    e.g. mei-le ('to us')
 * 7) or  -lle, -ллe̮    e.g. mi-ллe̮  ('to me'), tä-lle  ('to her')

Adessive -lla

 * 1) time - e.g. e̮lin lidnaza sü,tšüzüllä  ('I was in the city this autumn.'), nahka-īri päivä-l̄ ev ̮ ve̮i lennellä  ('a bat can not fly at daytime')
 * 2) if the time unit has an attribute, then the attribute only will be in  adessive, but the time unit itself is in  partitive  case - e.g.  senel̄   päivǟ  ('on that day'),  ühel̄    ke̮rtā tuli sūr tūli  ('Once there was a big wind')
 * 3) location on something - e.g. tšīma-pīrga e̮li lavva-ллa ('A wedding-pie was on the table.')
 * 4) location near to somebody - e.g.  e̮limma tei-l ('We were at your place.'), ke̮ikī  piäb ̮ e̮ллa kunikā-l̄    ('Everybody must be at the kings place.'),  k a t t i л a - ллa on kahs tšülǟ  e̮ttsā  ('There are two (village-) ends in Kattila.')
 * 5)  (current) owner - e.g.  mi-л̄    on üvä lehmä  ('I have a good cow.'), pe̮dra-ллa on sūre̮t ̮ sarve̮D  ('An elk has big antlers.'), tüttäriko-ллa be̮лe̮ emǟ  ('The girl has no mother.'), teil  sünnüp ̮ tütär  ('A daughter will be born to you'), se̮sare̮-ллa   kōlī poika  ('My sister's son passed away.')
 * 6) mean or tool - e.g.  meniväd ̮ лaiva-ллa sinne ('They went there by ship.')
 * 7) concurrent activity or process (How?) - e.g.  ke̮ikī лauлu-л̄   tuлtī  ('they all came singing')
 * 8) obligation - e.g. kui mi-л̄     mennä ('How should I go?!' ? a Russian influence), kumma-л̄     silmät ̮ tšīn panna ('Who must close his eyes?'),  tä-l̄     piti e̮ллa kahtē̮te̮.šše̮mē̮     tunnīssā  ('She had to be (there) until twelve O'Clock.')
 * Adessive -lla  + possessive  *-hen  has produced some  adverbs - e.g. ürvü-llǟ ('slightly open' ),  uhzē̮    e̮li jättännü rago-ллā  ('He had left the door ajar.'),  täl̄     on ke̮rvad ̮ лokkō-ллā  ('It has saggy ears.')

Ablative -lta

 * 1) time (which has passed by) - e.g. vōsi vuvve̮-лta on parapi elǟ  ('Year after year the life becomes better.')
 * 2)  (previous) owner, source - e.g.   tšüzüp  ̮ tä-lt  ('(He) asks from her.'), sain tširjā poiga-лta  ('I got a letter from my son.'), mi-лta jaлgā murtī  ('It broke my leg.'), avas ̮ karu-лt silmäD  ('He opened the bear's eyes.'), e̮le̮n mūne̮ttu ne̮d́d́a-лt  ('I am bewitched by a witch.')
 * 3) relocation from (above) something or somebody - e.g. ke̮z pe̮ллo-лta tule̮mma ('When we shall come from the field ...'), tulin bābuška-лta ('I came from my grandmother.'), kui me̮ne̮-лt virsta-лt tuli ('How many miles did he come?')
 * Adessive -lta  + possessive  *-hen  has produced some  adverbs - e.g. kala e̮se̮ttī elävä-ltǟ ('The fish was bought alive.' ),  sȫp  ̮tšihva-лtā  ('He eats it hot.'),  rǟgahtī ke̮rt nime-ltǟ ('She called her once by name.')

Allative -llen

 * 1)  onto (relocation to another position) - e.g. pani mē̮kā vȫ-lē ('(He) fixed the sword on the waist.'),  viskāmma mā-лē̮ !  ('Let's throw it down!')
 * 2) towards something - e.g. tuli vana-лē̮ ämmä-lē ('He came to (visit) an old women.')
 * 3) target (to or for somebody) - e.g. ke̮ik mi-ллe̮ jätä ('Leave it all to me!'), ne̮isi tämä se̮sarai-лē̮ nīttämǟ  ('He began to mow for his sisters.'), mēmmä tȫ-lē ('We go to work.')
 * 4) result - e.g. ke̮ik jaлgad̮ rikkozin vere-lē ('I injured my feet. Now the feet are covered with blood.'), venüttǟs̄   pitšä-lē ('It will be stretched long.'), лazzid̮ minua voli-лē̮  ('They let me free.' ? a Russian influence)
 * 5) (usually a future) owner - e.g.  nüd̮ miä sinū pane̮n mehe-lē  ('Now I will marry you to a man.'), naisiuzi te̮ize̮-лē̮ naize̮-лē̮  ('He married another woman.'), mi-ллe̮ ke̮lme̮t̮ päivǟ to´lki elǟ ('I have only three days to live.' ? a Russian influence), tä-llē täütti kahtšümmet̄   vōtta ('He has got twenty years old.' ? a Russian influence)
 * 6) impression ( a sense) - e.g. kui üvä-lē haize̮p̮ ke̮ik !  ('Oh, how good does all that smell !'), ivuhse̮d on musa-лē̮  ('The hair looks black.')
 * 7) obligation, permission - e.g. kui mi-ллe̮     mennä ('How should I go?!' ? a Russian influence), anna mi-ллe̮ tšävvä ('Let me walk!' ? a Russian influence), mitä si-ллe̮ vajā  ('What do you need?'), tšähsi tüttäre-llē panna vȫ-lē tšīn  ('He ordered his daughter ( ? a Russian influence) to fix it on her waist.')
 * 8) visiting a certain place frequently - e.g. ühz̮ naizikko tšäüs nīttämǟ pe̮ллo-лē̮  ('A women used to go mowing a field.'), kuttse̮   puлme̮i-лē̮sē̮  ('(She) invited to weddings constantly.')

Dialectal alternatives

 * Votic of Ingria
 * Eastern Votic dialect
 * The adessive  suffix may be degeminated.
 *  -lä, -лa   e.g. ǖ-lä ('at night'), ope̮ze̮-лa  ('by horse')


 * Western
 * Hill:
 * Kattila dialect
 * An emphatic   illative  suffix may be added to  allative.
 *  -lēsē, -лē̮sē̮   e.g. emä-lēsē  ('to the mother'), siллa-лē̮sē̮  ('to the floor')


 * Pontizõõ dialect
 * The allative  suffix is degeminated after a short vowel with secondary stress as well.
 *  -lē, -лē̮   e.g. tüttäre-lē ('to the daughter'), tuttava-лē̮  ('to an acquaintance')
 * Vaipooli
 * Luuditsa dialect
 * The allative  suffix is geminated after an unstressed vowel also.
 * or  -lle, -ллe̮   e.g. mehe-llē ('to a man'), kana-ллē̮  ('to a hen')


 * Jõgõperä dialect
 * The final long vowel (of the allative  suffix) has not the full length any more.
 *  -llè, -ллè̮̮   e.g. tüttere-llè ('to the daughter'), mehe-lè ('to a man'), mā-лè̮̮  ('to the ground')
 * The vowel of the adessive  suffix may be  -e, -e̮ .
 *  -lle, -ллe̮   e.g. tšäe-lle ('on a hand'), nurme̮-ллe̮  ('on a field')
 * The vowel of the ablative  suffix may be  -e, -e̮ .
 *  -lte, -лte̮   e.g. värttene-lte ('from a spindle'), paike̮-лte̮  ('from one's place')

 h), l, n, r, s or t.

m was later replaced with n, when stem-vowel was dropped e.g. лum-i ('snow')  nominative, лume̮-лta ('from the snow')  ablative  vs. лun-ta ('(Take some) snow')  partitive.

Following declension types have consonant stems :
 * X Declension: -e stems e.g. plural nominative tuлe̮-D vs. singular nominative tul-i, singular partitive tuл-ta ('fire').
 * XI Declension: -ks stems e.g. plural nominative vare̮hse̮-D vs. singular nominative vare̮z, singular partitive vare̮s-sa ('crow') < *vare̮s-ta.
 * XII Declension: -nen stems e.g. plural nominative naize̮-D vs. singular nominative nain(e̮ ), singular partitive nais-sa ('wife') < *nais-ta.
 * XIII Declension: -n stems e.g. plural nominative sēmene-D vs. singular nominative sēmē, singular partitive sēmē-tä ('seed') < *sēmen-ta.
 * XIII Declension: -m stems e.g. plural nominative ve̮ttime̮-D vs. singular nominative ve̮tī, singular partitive ve̮tī-ta ('key') < *ve̮tin-ta.
 * XIII Declension: -nt stems e.g. plural nominative ke̮лme̮tte̮̮me̮̮-D vs. singular nominative ke̮лme̮z, singular partitive ke̮лme̮t-te̮̮ ('the third') < *ke̮лme̮tte̮̮n-ta Jõgõperä dialect.
 * XIV Declension: -s stems e.g. plural nominative ampā-D vs. singular nominative ammaz, singular partitive ammas-sa ('tooth') < *ammas-ta.
 * XIV Declension: -k stems e.g. plural nominative sitē̮-D vs. singular nominative sie̮, singular partitive sie̮t-ta ('tie') < *sie̮k-ta.
 * XIV Declension: -h stems e.g. plural nominative ernē-D vs. singular nominative erne, singular partitive erneh-tä ('pea').
 * XV Declension: -t stems e.g. plural nominative lühǖ-D < *lühüe-t < *lühüte-t vs. singular nominative lühüD, singular partitive lühüt-tä ('short').

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