Votian/Imperfect Tense

== Imperfect tense ==

Personal endings

 * The very same endings of the first and second person are used in all moods and tenses.
 * Only the third person of singular is different from the present tense and has no marker at all in the imperfect tense.
 * The third person of plural has in the imperfect tense the same ending as in the present tense, even though it is derived from a suffix of present participle with a plural nominative marker t.
 * Thus according to consonant gradation principles the third person may occur only in the strong grade both in plural and singular e.g. e̮saB ('She buys.') > e̮ssi ('She bought.'), annaB ('She gives.') > anti ('She gave.' in Liivtšülä dialect - explained below), tetševäD ('They do (it).') > tetšiväD ('They did (it).'), pake̮ne̮-vaD ('They run away.') > pake̮ni-vaD ('They ran away.'), because these morphemes can never close the preceding syllable.
 * All those endings follow the vowel harmony rules  like in the present tense e.g. saitta ('You (in plural) got (it).') vs. süntüzittä ('You (in plural) were born.').

Past tense marker
The past tense marker was -i-, but it is less obvious now after numerous sound changes.

Pronunciation

 * Long vowels and i melt together into diphthongs e.g. sāmma ('We get (it).') > saimma ('We got (it).').
 * Some of them have changed their quality.
 * E.g. ȫ + -i- > ei: lȫn ('I (do) hit.') > lein ('I (dit) hit.').
 * E.g. ǖ̄ + -i- > öi:  mǖmmä ('We sell.') >  möi ('He sold.' in Alutaguse dialects ).
 * (In some dialects all the long mid vowels ē, ō,  have been diphthongized to ie, uo, üö elswhere e.g. lüön ('I (do) hit.') > lein ('I (dit) hit.').)


 * Short vowels and i melt together into a single short vowel.
 * E.g. e + -i- > i: pezemmä ('We wash.') > pezimmä ('We washed.').
 * E.g. e̮ + -i- > i: ne̮ise̮vaD ('They rise.') > ne̮isivaD ('They rose.').
 * E.g. ä + -i- > i: püvvän ('I catch.') > püvvin ('I caught.' in Mati dialect) vs pǖzin ('I caught.' in Lempola dialect - explained below).
 * E.g. a + -i- > i: ve̮ittavaD ('They win.') > ve̮ittivaD ('They won.'), e̮saB ('She buys.') >  e̮ssi ('She bought.'), annaB ('She gives.') > anti ('She gave.' in Liivtšülä dialect).
 * The cases above may produce long i in certain words and dialects e.g. murraB ('He breaks.') > murtī ('He broke.' in Mati dialect), lentī  ('She flew.'), pake̮ne̮vaD ('They run away.') > pake̮nīvaD ('They ran away.' in Lempola dialect).
 * The long i is characteristic to words of long stem-vowel (usually derived with -tta) e.g.  kummartāB ('He bows.') > kummartī ('He bowed.'), (h)üppǟB  ('She jumps.') > (h)üppī  ('She jumped.').
 * a + -i- > e̮ in the second syllable, if the first syllable has a  (in the majority of the dialects) : e.g. ajavaD ('They drive (away).') > aje̮vaD ('They drove (away).').
 * o + -i- > e̮: e.g. sioB ('He ties.') > site̮ ('He tied.'), tahoB ('He wants.') > tahte̮ ('He wanted.'). This occurres only with the third person of singular though and all the other personal endings follow zi as explained below.
 * o + -i- > o (in other dialects): e.g. tahoB ('He wants.') > tahto ('He wanted.'). This occurres only with the third person of singular though and all the other personal endings follow zi as explained below.
 * u + -i- > u: e.g. kutsuB ('He calls.') > kuttsu ('He called.'). This occurres only with the third person of singular though and all the other personal endings follow zi as explained below.
 * ü + -i- > ü: e.g. sünnüB ('He will be born.') > süntü ('He was born.'). This occurres only with the third person of singular though and all the other personal endings follow zi as explained below.
 * i + -i- > i: e.g. ehiB ('He decorates.') > ehti ('He decorated.'). This occurres only with the third person of singular though and all the other personal endings follow zi as explained below.
 * Except the third person of singular, all the other personal endings follow zi after o, u, ü and i-stems. All those forms may occur only in the strong grade, because this morpheme can never close the preceding syllable.
 * o + -i- > zi: e.g. se̮ise̮ ('He stood.') ~ se̮isoziD ('You stood.').
 * u + -i- > zi: e.g. kuttsu ('He called.') ~ kuttsuzin ('I called.').
 * ü + -i- > zi: e.g. süntü ('He was born.') ~ süntüzittä ('You (in plural) were born.').
 * i + -i- > zi: e.g. ehti ('He decorated.') ~ ehtiziväD ('They decorated.').
 * The metanalytic zi morpheme comes originally from -t stems, which had to undergo a regular Finnic sound change  *ti > si : e.g. viskān ('I throw.') > viskazin ('I threw.')  < * viskasin < viskat+i+n.
 * Those stems may have *at + -i- > e̮ for the third person of singular : e.g. viske̮ ('He threw.').
 * Nevertheless the regular form should be simply zi with no personal ending : e.g. suvāB ('He loves.') > suvaz(i) ('He loved.'). The final i may be dropped.

Morphophonology

 * All the personal endings follow the vowel harmony rules  like in the present tense e.g. saitta ('You (in plural) got (it).') vs. süntüzittä ('You (in plural) were born.').
 * According to consonant gradation principles the third person may occur only in the strong grade both in plural and singular e.g. e̮saB ('She buys.') > e̮ssi ('She bought.'), annaB ('She gives.') > anti ('She gave.'), tetševäD ('They do (it).') > tetšiväD ('They did (it).'), pake̮ne̮-vaD ('They run away.') > pake̮ni-vaD ('They ran away.'), because these morphemes can never close the preceding syllable.
 * All the other persons are always in the same grade as the singular of the second person imperative and in a grade opposite to any other suffixal imperative form caused by consonant gradation in stems e.g. jättägō ('Let him leave (it)!') vs. jätin ('I left (it).') or page̮t-kā ('Escape!') vs. pake̮n-ī-D ('You escaped.').
 * All the forms with zi morpheme may occur only in the strong grade, because this morpheme can never close the preceding syllable.

Dialectal alternatives

 * 1) In Alutaguse dialects
 * 2) The local counterpart (si) of zi-morpheme has intruded into every conjugation now (influenced by  Mid Estonian dialect) including the third person of singular. It's characteristic to  heavy  two-syllable -a, -ä, -e-stems.
 * 3) E.g. :  kitkesimma ('We plucked.'), laskes ('He let (down).'), tunDes ~ tunDas ('He felt.'), jättäsimmä ('We left (it).'), kanDasin ('I carried.'), karttas ('She was afraid.'), luottasin ('I hoped.'), nīttasimma ('We mowed.'), paistas ('It seemed.'), tappas ('It killed.'), toittasin ('I fed.'), te̮stas ('It lifted.'), maksas ('She paid.'), kurttasin ('I complained.'), e̮stasitta ('You bought.'), kastas ('He watered.'), laulas ('He sang.'), sāttas ('He sent.'), tahtas ('He wanted.' in Iisaku dialect);
 * 4) The original system has been preserved in limited verbs only.
 * 5) E.g. most of the  monosyllable vowel-stems :  vei ('He took (it somewhere).') ~ vein ('I took (it somewhere).');
 * 6) most of the  consonant-stems :  panin ('I (did) put (it somewhere).'), olin ('I was.'), tulin ('I came.'), meni ('She went.'), surivaD ('They died.'), kūli ('She heard.'), me̮tlin ('I thought.'), e̮mblin ('I sewed.'), ütlin ('I said.'), kauplit ('You traded.'), rītlivaD ('They quarreled.'), vihtliväD ('They whisked (in sauna).'), vihelsiväD ('They whisked (in sauna).'), tuisima ('We rose.'), siGini ('It propagated.');
 * 7) näGin ('I saw.' instead of näin), teGin ('I did.' instead of tein), suk̆in ('I combed.'), lukin ('I (did) read (it).'), lasin ~ lasima ('I ~ we (did) let down.'), which do not follow consonant gradation principles any more;
 * 8) some of the  -a  and  ä-stems : tahi ('She wanted.'), aiD ('They drove (away).'), jaksivaD ('They had strenght enough to (do something).'), jättimä ('We left (something).'), karDin ('I was afraid.'), keiDimä ('We boiled.'), laulivaD ('They sang.'), ve̮ttin ('I took.'), süöDima ('We fed.');
 * 9) verbs derived with -tta on a long vowel or sonorant had to undergo a regular Finnic sound change  *ti > si: e.g. je̮usivad ('They had strenght enough to (do something).')  < * je̮ut+i+vat < * je̮uta+i+vat, leisin ('I found.'), ne̮usima ('We demanded.'), oisin ('I hold.'), pǖsima ('We caught.'), tiesit̆ta ~ tiasitta ('You knew.'), ǖsiväD ('They shouted.').
 * 10) Sometimes the result has a new secondary t between n and s: e.g. an(t)s ~ anDas ('She gave.'),  küntsin ~ künDäsin ('I plowed.'),  len(t)si ~ lenDi ('He flew.').
 * 11) The final i of the third person of singular is usually dropped excluding  light  two-syllable stems : e.g. je̮us ('She had strenght enough to (do something).'),  te̮mps ('She pulled.'),  püörs ('He turned.'),  künts ('He plowed.'),  peks ~ peksäs ('He (did) beat.'),  leis ~ leitäs ('She found.'),  ois ~ oitas ('She hold.'),  ties ~ tias ~ tieDäs in Lüganuse dialect ~ tiaDas in Iisaku dialect ('She hold.'), tuis ~ tuises ('He rose.'), ammust ('He bit.'), me̮ttel ('She thought.'), kauppel ('She traded.'), nuhtel ('She penalized.'), rīttel ('He quarreled.'), vihtel ('She whisked (in sauna).'), üttel ('She said.'), juoks(i) ('She ran.'), tappas ~ tap̄ ('She killed.'), luki ('She (did) read (it).').
 * 12) The third person of plural may use a bare plural nominative marker t (influenced by  Mid Estonian dialect) and thus become not distinguishable from the second person of singular e.g. aiD ('They drove (away).' instead of ajivaD ).

=== Other Finnic dialects ===

The first person of singular
 * Standard Finnish : lu-i-n ('I read.')
 * Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luv-i-n ('I read.')
 * Vepsian dialects : lug-i-ń ('I read.')
 * Ingrian dialects : lu-i-n ('I read.')
 * Standard Estonian : luge-si-n ('I read.')
 * South Estonian Räpina dialects : lo-ì- ('I read.')
 * Livonian dialects : lug-ìZ- ('I read.')

The first person of plural
 * Standard Finnish : lu-i-mme ('We read.')
 * Finnish dialects : -mmen, -mmon, -mma
 * Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luv-i-mma ('We read.')
 * Vepsian dialects : lug-i-mai ('We read.')
 * Ingrian dialects : lu-i-man ('We read.')
 * Standard Estonian : luge-si-me ('We read.')
 * South Estonian Räpina dialects : lo-ì-me̮&#x0294; ('We read.')
 * Livonian dialects : lug-ìZ-mə̑ ('We read.')

The second person of singular
 * Standard Finnish : lu-i-t ('You read.')
 * Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luv-i-t ('You read.')
 * Vepsian dialects : lug-i-d́ ('You read.')
 * Ingrian dialects : lu-i-D ('You read.')
 * Standard Estonian : luge-si-d ('You read.')
 * South Estonian Räpina dialects : lo-ì-t̀ ('You read.')
 * Livonian dialects : lug-ìZ-t ('You read.')

The second person of plural
 * Standard Finnish : lu-i-tte ('You read.')
 * Finnish dialects : -tten, -tton, -tta
 * Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luv-i-tta ('You read.')
 * Vepsian dialects : lug-i-tai ('You read.')
 * Ingrian dialects : lu-i-tta ('You read.')
 * Standard Estonian : luge-si-te ('You read.')
 * South Estonian Räpina dialects : lo-i-tte̮ ('You read.')
 * Livonian dialects : lug-ìZ-t(ə̑) ('You read.')

The third person of singular
 * Standard Finnish : luk-i ('She read.')
 * Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : lug-i ('She read.')
 * Vepsian dialects : lugo-b ('She read.')
 * Ingrian dialects : luG-i- ('She read.')
 * Standard Estonian : luge-s- ('She read.')
 * South Estonian Räpina dialects : luG-ì ('She read.')
 * Livonian dialects : lug-ìZ- ('She read.')

The third person of plural
 * Standard Finnish : luki-vat ('They read.')
 * Karelian dialects use indefinite voice instead : lugie-tti̮h ('They read.').
 * Vepsian dialects : lug-i-ba ('They read.')
 * Ingrian dialects : lukk-īD ('They read.') due to the consonant gradation in suffixes
 * Standard Estonian : luge-si-d ('They read.')
 * South Estonian Räpina dialects : lo-ì-va&#x0294; ('They read.')
 * Livonian dialects : lug-ìZ-t(ə̑) ('They read.')