Votian/Numerals

== Numerals  ==

Simple numerals
 1, 2, 3, 5  and  6  - are declined like the X Declension: -e stems.

 7, 8, 9, 10  and  1000  - are declined like the XIII Declension: -m & -n stems.

 4  - is declined like the VIII Declension: -ä stems.

 100  - is declined like the III Declension: -a stems.

Agreement

 * 1) Partitive marks a matter which is measured. In such a case it's preceded by a quantity unit or a number, e.g.  kahs pihua sūrimoi  ("Two handfuls of pearl-barley.").
 * 2) Countable nouns will be in singular, e.g.  kahs pihua  ("Two handfuls.").
 * 3) Uncountable nouns will be in plural, e.g.  pihu sūrimoi  ("A handful of pearl-barley.").
 * 4) Partitive, which expresses partiality, is opposed to  nominative , which marks the whole , e.g.  ühs  pihu  sūrimoi  ("A handful of pearl-barley." Here the word  pihu  is in singular nominative.),  koko  pihu   ("A whole handful." ),  kõikk  sūrimaD   ("All the pearl-barley." Here the word  sūrimaD  is in plural nominative.).
 * 5) Partitive marks a  partial    subject   while  nominative  marks a  total subject  of a sentence, e.g.  mā-mune̮ita lēB  ("There will be some potatoes (for you)." - plural partitive) vs.  māmunaD om pe̮lloll  ("(All the) potatoes (what we are talking about) are on the field." - plural nominative)
 * 6) See the page of  main cases  for further details.

Usage
Instructive may indicate:
 * 1) a   distributive  number , something is done by e.g.  kahē̮ko tȫ rōpā seittä ?  ("Were there two of you eating out the porridge ? "),  mȫ assuzimma tētä mȫ ke̮лmē̮  ("There was three of us walking along the way."),  ke̮лmē̮ tšümmenī kopeikō ve̮tti nagлassa  ('She took thirty copecks for a pound.'),  ke̮лmē̮   vellehsē ~ vellessē  ('(It was done) by three brothers '),  e̮limma seittsemē naizikō  ("We were seven women."),  e̮livad ̮ vīzī päivī  ("They were there five days each time.").
 * 2) an  approximate number  e.g.  kasenna taлve̮nna eväd ̮ javod ̮ mahza kui ke̮лmī, nellī rubĺī  ("This winter flour doesn't cost but about three - four roubles.").

Time expressions:
 * 1)  kahste̮&#x00B7;šše̮met̄   tunnia ȫllä  ("Twelve O'Clock at night.")
 * 2)  vītē tunnīsē̮ssā  ("Till five O'Clock.").

Compound numerals
To get the teens, te̮&#x00B7;šše̮me̮tta (in Kattila dialect) is added to the shorter nominative of base number, e.g. ke̮mte̮&#x00B7;šše̮me̮tta ("13", meaning "three of the second ten" ~  kò'm-tò's̀'k̀ém'ét́-ta <~ kò'm-tò's̀'k̀ǜm'èn-̀ta <~ kòlme tòis-ta kümmen-ta  -  tò's̀'k̀ém'ét́-ta <~ tòis-ta kümmen-ta  is a partitive  as explained above in the paragraph of agreement.).

To get the decades, tšümmettä is added to the shorter nominative of base number, e.g. ke̮mtšümmettä ("30", meaning "three tens" ~  kò'm-k̀ümmen-̀ta <~ kòlme kümmen-ta  -  k̀ümmen-̀ta <~ kümmen-ta  is a partitive  as explained above in the paragraph of agreement.).
 * Note that stš cluster in the border of two stems will be pronounced š́tš́ !

To get the hundreds and thousands, their partitive  satā or tuhatta respectively is added to the shorter nominative of base number, e.g. ke̮msatā ("300", "three hundreds"), nellätuhatta ("4000", "four thoudands").

Usage
In a more complex compound numeral it's components follow each others in the descending order, e.g.
 *  kahe̮ллa sāллa kūvve̮̮ллa tšümmenellä kahe̮ssame̮ллa  ("268=200+60+8" - singular adessive)

Declension
Usually each component of a compound numeral is declined separately, e.g.
 *  kahe̮ллa sāллa kūvve̮̮ллa tšümmenellä kahe̮ssame̮ллa  ('268' - singular adessive)
 *  ühtäte̮&#x00B7;šše̮me̮tta  ('11' - singular partitive)
 *  ühelēte̮&#x00B7;šše̮me̮лē̮̮  ('11' - singular allative)

Yet we may decline also only the last component of a compound numeral, e.g.
 *  kahtšümmet̄  kahe̮ssame̮лta  ('28' - singular ablative)
 *  ühste̮&#x00B7;šše̮mē̮̮  ('11' - singular genitive)
 *  ühste̮&#x00B7;šše̮me̮лē̮̮  ('11' - singular allative)

Morphophonology and pronunciation
Final vowel of a word may be omitted depending in it's position in a sentence (especially in the middle of a compound number). , e.g.  kahtšümmet̄   ('20' - singular nominative) ,  kahtšümmet̄  kahe̮ssame̮лta  ('28' - singular ablative)

Simple numerals
 3. - 1000.  - are declined like the XIII Declension: -m stems.

Suppletion
Suppletive ''' 1., 2.  and  vīmein ''' - are declined like the XII Declension: -nen stems.

Compound numerals
Each component or only the last component of a compound numeral may get an ordinality  marker -ǹs', -ttema (-ǹt̀è , -ǹtema) , e.g.
 *  ühste̮&#x00B7;šše̮me̮iZ  ('11.' - singular nominative)
 *  kahtš́ümmeneiZ  ('20.' - singular nominative)

Vs. Jõgõperä dialect
 *  nelläste̮&#x00B7;iš́tš́ümneZ  ('14.' - singular nominative)
 *  ke̮лme̮š́́tš́ümmeneZ  ('30.' - singular nominative)

Usage
In a more complex compound numeral each 1000, 100 and 10 besides the last component of a compound numeral should get an ordinality  marker -ǹs', -ttema (-ǹt̀è , -ǹtema) , e.g.
 *  sāz ̮ nellätšümmeneäiZ esimein  ("141." - singular nominative)
 *  kahtšümmenäiZ ühessämäiZ  ("29." - singular nominative)

Usually each component with an ordinality  marker of a compound numeral is declined separately, e.g.
 *  kahtšümmenettomā ühessämättomā  ("29." - singular genitive)

Fractions

 * ½ -( pōл ~ pōli )
 * 1½ -( pōlite̮issa - "and half of the second one" )
 * 2½ -( pōlike̮лmatta - "and half of the third one" )
 * 4½ -( pōlivīd́d́että - "and half of the fourth one" )

Only the first component of halfs is declined, e.g.
 *  pōлta ke̮лmatta  ( 2½ - singular partitive)
 *  pōлe̮ssa nellättä  ( 3½ - singular elative)


 * ⅓ -( ke̮лmaiz ̮ e̮sa - "a third part" )
 * ¼ -( nelläiz ̮ e̮sa - "a fourth part", Russian loans:  tšetvertti ~ tšetvertakka  )
 * 1/5 -( vīd́d́eiz ̮ e̮sa - "a fifth part" )
 * 2/5 -( kahs vīd́d́että e̮sā - "two fifth parts" )


 * 1/40 -( Russian loan:  sorokofka ~ sorokovgā  )

== Dialectal alternatives ==


 * 1000 - If singular nominative of 1000 is pronounced tuhatta, then singular genitive should be tuhatā.

Final vowel of a word may be omitted depending in it's position in a sentence (especially in the middle of a compound number). , e.g.  kahtšümmet̄  kahe̮ssame̮лta  ('28' - singular ablative)

t of plural partitive  may have been preserved by some speakers ( in some dialects ) , e.g. (tšümmen)ītä ~ iä / (ke̮лm)īta ~ ia

The plural genitive  morpheme -iten may have totally lost it's -ten component to be pronounced as a pure  plural stem , e.g. (kahe̮ssam)ījē ~ ijē ~ ī

 *sen >   -sē, -sē̮   may be added to  illative  once more as a duplicate , e.g. tuhatte̮mē̮ ~ tuhatte̮mē̮sē̮


 * Votic of Ingria
 * Eastern Votic dialect
 * 1. may be  esimeine ~ essimeine .
 * 3. may be  ke̮лmaZ .
 * 4. may be  nellǟZ ~ nelläZ .


 * Western Votic dialects
 * Hill dialect:
 * 3. may be  ke̮лmaiZ ~ ke̮лmaiZe̮ ~ ke̮лmaZ .
 * Kerstova dialect
 * 1. may be  es´mein .
 * 4. may be  nelläZ .
 * Pihlaala dialect (Russian: Пиллово)
 * 4. may be  nelleZ .
 * Kattila dialect
 * 1. may be  esimein ~ esimenē ~ esime̮ine̮ .
 * 4. may be  nelläiZ ~ neĺĺäiZ ~ neĺĺäiZe .
 * Untovõõ ~ Undova dialect
 * 4. may be  nellǟZ .


 * Valley dialect:
 * 3. may be  ke̮лmaiZ ~ ke̮лmāZ ~ ke̮лmaZ .
 * Mati dialect
 * 1. may be  esimein ~ esimmein ~ esimene .
 * 4. may be  nellǟZ ~ neĺĺǟZ .


 * Vaipooli
 * 1. may be esimeine.
 * 3. may be  ke̮лmaiZ ~ ke̮лmaZ .
 * Luuditsa - Liivtšülä dialect
 * Luuditsa dialect
 * 3. may be  ke̮лmaiZ ~ ke̮лmāZ ~ ke̮лmaZ ~ ke̮лme̮Z .
 * 4. may be  nelläZ ~ nellǟZ ~ neĺĺǟZ .
 * Liivtšülä dialect (Russian: Пески)
 * 4. may be  neĺĺäZ .
 * Jõgõperä - Rajo dialect
 * Jõgõperä dialect
 * To get the teens, te̮&#x00B7;iš́tš́ümmeD is added to the shorter nominative of base number, e.g. ke̮mte̮&#x00B7;iš́tš́ümmeD ("13", meaning "three of the second ten" ~  kò'm-tòis̀'k̀ümme'-t' <~ kòlme tòis-ta kümmen-ta  -  tòis̀'k̀ümme'-t' <~ tòis-ta kümmen-ta  is partitive  as explained above in the paragraph of agreement.).
 * š́tš́ cluster may alternate with šš, e.g. ühste̮&#x00B7;iš́tš́ümmeD ~ ühste̮&#x00B7;iššümmeD ("11").
 * 2 - Plural genitive : kahtojē̮ ,  Plural partitive : kahtoita  ,  Plural illative : kahtoisē̮  ,
 * 4. may be  nelleZ ~ neĺĺäZ ~ neĺĺǟZ ~ neĺĺeZ .
 * Rajo dialect
 * 1. may be esimeine ~ esimene .


 * Kreevin dialect
 * 1. may be  äsemine .
 * 4. may be  nelges .
 * Kukkuzi dialect
 * 1. may be  esimein .
 * 3. may be  kolmaiZ .

== Other Finnic dialects ==

1
 * Standard Finnish : yksi, yhden (< * ükten - singular genitive)
 * Karelian dialects :  ükśi 
 * Vepsian dialects :  ükś 
 * Ingrian dialects :  üks 
 * Standard Estonian :  üks 
 * South Estonian dialects :  üt́s , üt̆tè (< * ükten - singular genitive)
 * Livonian dialects :  ik̀š 

2
 * Standard Finnish : kaksi, kahden (< * kakten - singular genitive)
 * Karelian dialects :  kakši 
 * Vepsian dialects :  kakś 
 * Ingrian dialects :  kaks 
 * Standard Estonian :  kaks 
 * South Estonian dialects :  kat́s , kat̆tè̮ (< * kakten - singular genitive)
 * Livonian dialects :  kak̀š 

3
 * Standard Finnish : kolme (< * kolmet )
 * Finnish dialects : kolmet
 * Karelian dialects :  kolme 
 * Vepsian dialects :  kūme 
 * Ingrian dialects :  kolD 
 * Standard Estonian :  kolm 
 * Livonian dialects :  kuol̀m 

4
 * Standard Finnish : neljä
 * Karelian dialects :  ńeĺĺä 
 * Vepsian dialects :  ńel̄́ 
 * Ingrian dialects :  neljä 
 * Standard Estonian :  neli 
 * Livonian dialects :  nēĺa 

5
 * Standard Finnish : viisi, viiden ( - singular genitive)
 * Karelian dialects :  vīźi 
 * Vepsian dialects :  vīž 
 * Ingrian dialects :  vīZ 
 * Standard Estonian :  viis 
 * Livonian dialects :  vīš 

6
 * Standard Finnish : kuusi, kuuden ( - singular genitive)
 * Karelian dialects :  kūži 
 * Vepsian dialects :  kūź 
 * Ingrian dialects :  kūZ 
 * Standard Estonian :  kuus 
 * Livonian dialects :  kūš 

7
 * Standard Finnish : seitsemän
 * Karelian dialects :  šeit́t́š́imen 
 * Vepsian dialects :  śītšeme 
 * Ingrian dialects :  seitsemän 
 * Standard Estonian :  seitse  (< * seitsen)
 * Livonian dialects :  seìs̀ 

8
 * Standard Finnish : kahdeksan
 * Karelian dialects :  kahekšan 
 * Vepsian dialects :  kahesa 
 * Ingrian dialects :  kaheksan 
 * Standard Estonian :  kaheksa 
 * Livonian dialects :  kā̭ ̉də̑ks 

9
 * Standard Finnish : yhdeksän
 * Karelian dialects :  ühekšän 
 * Vepsian dialects :  ühesa 
 * Ingrian dialects :  üheksän 
 * Standard Estonian :  üheksa 
 * Livonian dialects :  ī ̉də̑ks 

10
 * Standard Finnish : kymmenen
 * Karelian dialects : kümmenen
 * Vepsian dialects :  ḱümńe 
 * Ingrian dialects :  kümmenän 
 * Standard Estonian :  kümme  (< * kümmen)
 * Livonian dialects :  kim̄ 

100
 * Standard Finnish :  sata 
 * Karelian dialects :  šata 
 * Vepsian dialects :  sada 
 * Ingrian dialects :  saDa 
 * Standard Estonian :  sada 
 * Livonian dialects :  sadà 

1000
 * Standard Finnish :  tuhat 
 * Karelian dialects :  tuhatta 
 * Vepsian dialects :  tuha 
 * Ingrian dialects :  tuhaD 
 * Standard Estonian :  tuhat 
 * Livonian dialects :  tu ̉onttə̑ 

11
 * Standard Finnish : yksitoista
 * Karelian dialects :  ükśitoista(kümmeńd́ä) 
 * Vepsian dialects :  ükśtošt́ḱüme 
 * Ingrian dialects :  ükstoist(kümmenD) 
 * Standard Estonian :  üksteist(kümmend) 
 * Livonian dialects :  ik̀štuois̀tə̑n 

20
 * Standard Finnish : kaksikümmentä
 * Karelian dialects :  kakšikümmeńd́ä 
 * Vepsian dialects :  kakśḱüme 
 * Ingrian dialects :  kakskümmenD 
 * Standard Estonian :  kakskümmend 
 * Livonian dialects :  kak̀škim̀də̑ 

In a more complex compound numeral it's components follow each others in the descending order, e.g. Though there was a more ancient pattern, which is now more actively used in teens only, e.g.
 * Standard Estonian :  kakskümmend üks  ("21")
 * Standard Finnish : kaksi kolmatta ("22", meaning "two of the third ten")
 * Standard Estonian (F.J.Wiedemann) :  üks neljat  ("31", meaning "one of the fourth ten")

Usually each component of a compound numeral is declined separately, e.g. Yet in Standard Estonian we should decline only the last component of a compound numeral, all the other components are in genitive, e.g.
 * Standard Finnish : kolmessakümmenessä ('30' - singular inessive)
 * Karelian dialects :  neĺĺäĺĺäkümmeneĺĺä  ('40' - singular adessive)
 * Vepsian dialects :  ühthetošt́ḱümńehe  ('11' - singular illative)
 * Ingrian dialects :  kūv̆vēl kümmenǟl vījēl  ('65' - singular adessive)
 *  kolmesaja kuuekümne kaheksal  ('368' - singular adessive)

3.
 * Standard Finnish : kolmas
 * Finnish dialects : kolmansi
 * Karelian dialects :  kolmaš 
 * Vepsian dialects :  kūmańź 
 * Ingrian dialects :  neljä(n)Z  (4.)
 * Standard Estonian :  kolmas 
 * Livonian dialects :  kuol̀mə̑Z 

Usually each component or only the last component of a compound numeral may get an ordinality  marker (< s < * ns < * nsi < * nti < * nte ), e.g. Yet in Standard Estonian and Livonian dialects only the last component of a compound numeral may get an  ordinality  marker, e.g.
 * Karelian dialects :  kaheškümmeneškolmaš  (23.)
 * Standard Estonian :  kahekümne kolmas  (23.)
 * Livonian dialects :  kak̀škim̀də̑Z  (20.)

Suppletive ordinal numerals 1. and 2. are derived  from  pronouns.

1.
 * Standard Finnish : ensimmäinen
 * Karelian dialects :  enžimmäńe 
 * Vepsian dialects :  eźḿäińe 
 * Ingrian dialects :  enZimäin 
 * Standard Estonian :  esimene 
 * Livonian dialects :  e ̉ž́mi 

2.
 * Standard Finnish : toinen
 * Karelian dialects :  toińe 
 * Vepsian dialects :  toińe 
 * Ingrian dialects :  toin 
 * Standard Estonian :  teine 
 * Livonian dialects :  tuoì