Votian/Second Person Imperative

The second person (direct order)

 * The morpheme -k is pronounced as -G in Eastern Votic dialect. All the other dialects both in Ingria and Estonia have lost the phoneme *k in the end of words e.g. tširje̮taG ~ tširjota (~ Alutaguse: kirjotta ~ kirjutta) ('Write!').
 * The morpheme -ka'a
 * Pronunciation of Ingria
 * depends in consonant gradation of suffixes
 * -gā after unstressed syllables of vowel stems e.g. tširjottagā ('Write!').
 * otherwise it is pronounced -kā e.g. e̮лkā ('Be!').
 * The vowel of any imperative suffix remains always the same regardless to vowel harmony rules  e.g. jättägā ('Leave (it)!').
 * Lüganuse dialect of Alutaguse
 * All the long vowels without primary stress  have been shortened (influenced by  Mid Estonian dialect).
 * The counterpart of g is semi-voiced G e.g. paluGa ('Beg!').
 * G has finally replaced even k in voiced environment (influenced by Mid Estonian dialect) e.g. e̮lGa ('Be!').
 * The vowel a alternates with ä in Lüganuse (and Kodavere) according to vowel harmony rules e.g. jättäGä ('Leave (it)!') vs. tuoGa ('Bring (it)!').

Morphophonology
In all dialects both in Ingria and Estonia:
 * Plural of the second person imperative takes a consonant stem if possible e.g. e̮лkā ('Be!').
 * Singular of the second person imperative never follows any consonant stem e.g. e̮лe̮G ('Be!').


 * Plural and singular of the second person imperative are always in opposite grades caused by consonant gradation in stems e.g.  jättä-gā vs. jätä ('Leave (it)!') or  page̮t-kā vs. pake̮ne̮  ('Escape!').

Phonological history

 * Plural of the 2. person's imperative -ka'a (< -*kata) is probably composed of imperative component -k + plural 2. person's ta.
 * 1) t was lost due to the consonant gradation in suffixes.
 * 2) a of the subsequent syllables melt into ā.
 * 3) Long vowels disappeared in the dialects of Estonia.

=== Other Finnic dialects ===


 * Singular
 * Standard Finnish : lue (~ lue-k in some dialects) ('Read!')
 * Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luve ('Read!')
 * Vepsian dialects : luge ('Read!')
 * Hevaha Ingrian : lue-G ('Read!')
 * Standard Estonian : loe ('Read!')
 * Võro dialects : ann̆a-&#x0294; ('Give!')
 * Livonian dialects : lu ̉-G ('Read!')


 * Plural
 * Standard Finnish : luke-kaa ('Read!')
 * Savo dialects : anto-a < *anta-k̆at̆a ('Give!') (due to the consonant gradation in suffixes)
 * Vesjegonski Karelian dialects : luge-kki̮a ('Read!')
 * Lude Karelian dialects : luge-gat̄ ('Read!')
 * Vepsian dialects : luge-gat ('Read!')
 * Ingrian dialects : luGe-Gā(n) ('Read!')
 * Standard Estonian : luge-ge ('Read!')
 * Old scriptures in Tartu dialect : wöt-ket ('Take!') (by Joachim Rossihnius)
 * Livonian dialects : lu ̉ggi-giD ('Read!')